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  History of Marathas EP18 -...

  Vikrant Pande

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  Tipu formed a large corps of young Muslim lads whom he called his sons and now provided them with handsome young wives from the Hindu fold. These atrocities were perpetrated during the wet months of 1785. In Malabar he had converted, in one stroke, a hundred thousand Hindus to his faith. Portuguese missionaries wrote that 'he tied naked Christians and Hindus to the legs of elephants and made the elephants move around till the bodies of the helpless victims were torn to pieces.' In 1786 he declared himself emperor and had the khutba read in his name in all the mosques throughout his kingdom. His contention was that 'those idiots who introduce the name of Shah Alam in the khutba act through ignorance since the real condition of the so called emperor is this: that he is actually enslaved and a servant of the Scindia. So to pronounce the name of someone dependent on the infidels while reciting the sacred khutba was blasphemy.

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  Mesoamerican Warfare: The...

  Editors Charles River

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  Throughout history, warfare has played an important role in the development of many cultures around the world, and Mesoamerica is no exception. As J.M. Francis and T.M. Leonard noted, “The history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica was one of violence, though no more so than that of any other region of the ancient world. It was a universe of shifting alliances and mutual antagonisms, in which increasingly strong political entities forged themselves and then broke apart.” 
  	Of course, the history of warfare in Mesoamerica is a long one, tracing its origins back to the Preclassic period with the Olmecs, who were the first group to expand their influence. There is clear evidence they had a military development, but it seems to have been mainly focused on protecting their trade networks instead of on conquest. After the Olmecs, Teotihuacan rose as the first main center of military expansion during the Classic period, extending its influence across Mesoamerican territory. After its collapse, the vacuum of power created an unstable period, and new expanding polities emerged, including Cacaxtla, Xochicalco, and Tula. They became important regional centers that took control of most of central Mesoamerica through the use of military interventions. After their decline, during the Postclassic period, the Aztecs eventually emerged as the dominant empire in Mesoamerica and continued expanding their control and influence until the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. 
  	Perhaps not surprisingly, there are many misconceptions about Prehispanic warfare, so it is important to keep in mind that military conflicts in Mesoamerica were greatly diverse and cannot be summarized by simply analyzing Aztec militarism.

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  Mythology across the Ancient...

  Editors Charles River

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  Although the Egyptians may not have passed their civilization directly on to later peoples, the key elements that comprised Egyptian civilization, including their religion, early ideas of state, and art and architecture, can be found among other civilizations. For instance, civilizations far separated in time and space, such as China and Mesoamerica, possessed key elements that were similar to those found in ancient Egypt. Indeed, since Egyptian civilization represented some fundamental human concepts, a study of their culture can be useful when trying to understand many other pre-modern cultures.  
  	Today the Mesopotamians and their religion are sources of curiosity, but thousands of years ago, the religion was an integral part of their lives. From their birth to their death, deities surrounded them, and whether their social interactions were on the level of a smaller city or that of a larger nation-state, deities played key roles in the social fabric of their society. Whereas the Israelites were one people who worshipped a single god, Babylon had a succession of different dynasties derived from many ethnic groups, and since Babylonian religion originated from a plethora of sources, there were very few elements that maintained primacy throughout the city’s history. For example, the Sumerian influence resulted in citizens worshipping many deities in the city, but those numbers were reduced after the Amorites came to power.  
  	One of the reasons Zeus remains one of the most recognizable gods in history is because of the spread of his influence. Due to the conquests of Alexander the Great, Zeus was brought along with other elements of Hellenization to Egypt and the Near East, and a few centuries later, Rome all but adopted him as their own chief god, Jupiter. From there, he was exported around the Roman Empire and fused with numerous other local gods in the process.

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  Negative Thoughts Happen - How...

  LMHC Diana M. Garcia

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  Negative self-talk can feel like an ever-present roommate who insists on giving you unsolicited opinions about every aspect of yourself— including your worth, appearance, personality, and life choices. Have you ever wondered where this annoying inner critic comes from? And more importantly, can you make it go away? Unfortunately, no matter what you do, negative thoughts will happen. It's simply how our brains are wired. But you can change the way you respond to these thoughts. 
   
   
   
  This take-anywhere, use-anytime guide offers quick, simple, and evidence-based skills drawn from acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to help you make peace with your inner frenemy. You'll discover what drives these negative thoughts, why it's important to listen to them—yes, you read that right, listen—and how to put them in perspective so you can go back to the things that really matter in your life. 
   
   
   
  You never know when negative thoughts will show up, crash your party, cramp your style, and get in the way of living your best life. But once you learn how to respond to this negative inner chatter, you'll be able to turn the volume down and listen to your true inner voice—your inner ally—more clearly and use it as a compass throughout your day.

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  The Scandal of Cal - Land Grabs...

  Tony Platt

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  The University of California, Berkeley—widely known as "Cal"—is admired worldwide as a bastion of innovation and a hub for progressive thought. Far less known are the university's roots in plunder, warfare, and the promotion of white supremacy. As Tony Platt shows in The Scandal of Cal, these original sins sit at the center of UC Berkeley's history. Platt looks unflinchingly at the university's desecration of graves and large-scale hoarding of Indigenous remains. He tracks its role in developing the racist pseudoscience of eugenics in the early twentieth century. He sheds light on the school's complicity with the military-industrial complex and its incubation of unprecedented violence through the Manhattan Project. And he underscores its deliberate and continued evasions about its own wrongdoings, which echo in the institution's decision-making up to the present day. This book, above all, illuminates Cal's culpability in some of the cruelest chapters of US history and sounds a clarion call for the university to undertake a thorough and earnest reckoning with its past. It is a must-listen for Cal alumni, students, faculty, and staff, and for anyone concerned with the impact of higher education in the United States and beyond.

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  Space Trek

  Raphael Terra

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  This audiobook has been recorded using Text to speech (TTS). 
   
  For decades we have all grown up watching science fiction movies and TV shows. And we have all dreamed of going where no man has gone before. That time is here and now. We are on the very edge of a new era in humanity. Within the next few years mankind will be not only journeying to other planets, we will be inhabiting them. Our ultra-high technology robots are even now walking upon the surface of Mars, sending back information and preparing the ground for our coming. 
   
  This is not science fiction. This is science fact. And just as before in the history of humanity, the process is being led by several unique, intelligent and talented individuals such as Elon Musk. 
   
  Rocket ships take off vertically and return to Earth vertically. Humans are shuttled to the International Space Station as if they're travelling from New York to Los Angeles. Supersonic space craft fly mankind around the globe virtually in space, just to make things faster. 
   
  But what does the future hold for us? We cannot maintain peace on Earth. How can we do so in space? NASA, SpaceX and Virgin are not the only ones with eyes upon the stars. Russia and especially China, also have desires in that direction. 
   
  The race for space is on and all bets are off.

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