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  The Third Battle of Ypres - The...

  Charles River Editors

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  With the exception of a few hours on Christmas Day 1914, the shelling, sniping, raids, and bloodshed at Ypres in Belgium never ceased from the moment of first contact between the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the Imperial German army. The Ypres salient had formed the previous year during the “race to the sea,” when the opposing armies tried and failed to outflank each other in a series of maneuvers and counter-maneuvers.  
  	The Ypres salient bulged a few miles forward into Belgium, representing the only part of that nation the Germans had not occupied. Held by a mix of British, French, Canadian, Belgian, and colonial troops, this thorn in the Germans’ side had held off massive but clumsily handled attacks by barely-trained German volunteers and conscripts in late 1914 at the First Battle of Ypres. Each side had attempted to launch a major offensive through Ypres at the same time, leading to a blood-soaked encounter battle that, after weeks of futile butchery amid the small farms, hedgerows, canals, and tracts of woodland, devolved into a grim stalemate. Lines of trenches faced each other and sniping, artillery bombardment, and small actions led to an ongoing stream of casualties to the rear and corpses into the new soldiers’ graveyards established conveniently close to the front lines.  
  	The heaviest fighting in the vicinity took place in 1917 during the Third Battle of Ypres, a linked series of battles on the Western Front that took place from July-November of that year. It is still remembered as one of the most notorious battles in British history. British troops, who called this series of battles Passchendaele after the small Belgian village that formed the final objective, continued to use the same tactics that had been employed since early 1915 as they were ordered into frontal attacks on prepared German trenches protected by artillery, barbed wire, bunkers, and machine gun positions.

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  Biafra - History and Atrocities...

  Kelly Mass

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  Biafra, known officially as the Republic of Biafra, emerged as a separatist state in West Africa, enduring from May 1967 to January 1970 when it seceded from Nigeria. 
  Its territory encompassed the former eastern region of Nigeria, predominantly inhabited by the Igbo population, now divided into the present south-south and southeastern regions of Africa. Founded by Igbo nationalists, Biafra arose in response to a series of ethnic hostilities that erupted immediately after Nigeria gained independence in 1960, culminating in the 1966 massacres of Igbos and other southern ethnic groups residing in northern Nigeria. Following Biafra's declaration of independence in 1967, Nigeria's military initiated an attack on the country, sparking the Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War. 
  Gabon, Haiti, the Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia have all officially acknowledged Biafra. France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Rhodesia, South Africa, and the Vatican City were among the countries that withheld recognition from Biafra but provided support and assistance. 
  Biafra received aid from non-state entities such as Joint Church Aid, foreign mercenaries, the Holy Ghost Fathers of Ireland, and Caritas International under their guidance, as well as the United States Catholic Relief Services. In response to the suffering, Médecins Sans Frontières was founded.

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  EMT: Transform Your Skills for...

  Lysander Thornecroft

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  EMT: Transform Your Skills for Unstoppable Success 
  Are you eager to elevate your career and solidify your expertise by mastering essential EMT skills for life-saving success? 
  Searching for an all-inclusive guide that covers everything you need to excel in your EMT training? 
  Look no further! 
  This guide is your ultimate resource for enhancing your knowledge, honing your skills, and participating in hands-on activities. With this, you are set up for remarkable success. 
  Updated for the latest EMT skill requirements. 
  Key features of this enhanced guide: 
  - In-depth insights into EMT skills crucial for life-saving success 
  - Comprehensive explanation of essential EMT concepts 
  - Effective strategies for mastering your skills and preparation 
  Our guide stands out due to its thorough approach, which is vital for your success. Key concepts are not just touched upon—they are explored comprehensively and clearly. 
  Please note that this guide is an independent resource and is not associated with any official EMT organization. 
  Crafted with a logical structure and straightforward language, our EMT training guide ensures seamless transitions between topics. Say farewell to confusing jargon and embrace clear, accurate, and relevant content. 
  So, why wait? Click the BUY NOW button, grab your guide, and embark on your journey to mastering EMT skills for life-saving success! 
  Make the most out of your training and expertise today!

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  24 Hours in Ancient China - A...

  Yijie Zhuang

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  Spend twenty-four hours with the ancient Chinese. 
   
   
   
  Travel back to AD 17, during the fourth year of the reign of Wang Mang of the Han dynasty, a vibrant and innovative era full of conflicts and contradictions. But as different as the Han culture might have been to other great ancient civilizations, the inhabitants of ancient China faced the same problems as people have for time immemorial: earning enough money, coping with workplace dramas, and keeping your home in order—although the equivalent in this era was more about bribing inspectors, avoiding bullying from abusive watchmen, and trying to keep your house from being looted by Huns. 
   
   
   
  In each chapter we meet one of twenty-four citizens of this ancient culture, from the midwife to the soldier, the priest to the performer, and the blacksmith to the tomb looter, and see what an average day in ancient China was really like.

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  The Folklore of Rome - Myth...

  Davis Truman

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  Step beyond the ruins and into the pulse of ancient Rome—not the Rome of marble triumphs and imperial decrees, but of whispered spells, ghostly omens, and mythic memory. The Folklore of Rome: Myth, Magic, Dying, and the Making of the Empire is an immersive exploration of how stories, superstitions, and sacred rites shaped the world’s most enduring civilization from its legendary beginnings to its imperial zenith. 
  In these pages, history meets enchantment. Chapter by chapter, the book reveals how Roman identity was bound to its folklore: the way Livy’s histories blurred myth and moral lesson, how domestic charms and street-corner incantations governed daily life, and how rituals of dying transformed death into a civic and spiritual act. From household gods to battlefield omens, from public festivals to private fears, Rome’s imagination was alive with unseen forces—powers that both inspired and restrained its people. 
  With vivid scholarship and a storyteller’s touch, The Folklore of Rome uncovers the Empire’s hidden heartbeat: the dreams, doubts, and supernatural beliefs that gave meaning to conquest and glory. More than a study of myths and rituals, it is a rediscovery of Rome as a living myth itself—a civilization forever poised between the mortal and the divine.

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  Native American Resistance in...

  Editors Charles River

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  Throughout history, there have been men of war and men of peace, but few have actually had a war named after them. One of them was Pontiac, also known as Obwandiyag, an Odawa chief who left his mark on history by continuing the battle against the British after their official triumph during the French and Indian War. While modern historians question how important Pontiac’s role was in shaping America’s destiny, his leadership during Pontiac’s War was seen at that time as important enough to warrant significant articles and even a few 18th century books. Since these books were written by the British, or at least men who supported their cause, the descriptions of Pontiac were often not complimentary. Likewise, 19th century authors tended to portray him as something of an evil genius who plotted against the British and then drove his people into battle.  
  For the most part, the conflicts that followed consisted mostly of the Native Americans suffering defeat in the face of a better-equipped adversary, interspersed with binding treaties, which, on the side of the federal government, proved not very binding at all. Occasionally, however, there arose a Native American leader of such ability that such defeats were temporarily reversed, and Little Turtle, the war chief of the Miami tribe, was one such man.  
  The Battle of Tippecanoe, fought on November 7, 1811 near present-day Lafayette, Indiana, involved forces of fewer than 2,000 Native American warriors and white soldiers, and only about 300 men were killed or wounded on both sides. Given those numbers, it’s apparent that the battle was far from being a Saratoga or a Gettysburg in terms of its scale or significance as an historical turning point, yet it was one of the most important battles in the early 19th century. 

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