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Hayatı ve Sevme Sanatı Üzerine Görüşleri - cover

Hayatı ve Sevme Sanatı Üzerine Görüşleri

Erich Fromm

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Sinopsis

Bir psikanalist olmasi sebebiyle Fromm,dusunce temellerini onemli derecede Freud dusuncesi uzerine oturtmustur. Ancak Freud'un ortaya koydugu klasik psikanalizi kendine gore yorumlamis, analizlerinde kulturel ve sosyal faktorleri, etkin bicimde kullanmistir. Freud'un temel kavramlari, Fromm dusuncesinde de onemli bir yer isgal etmistir. O, bu kavramlari aynen kullanmakla birlikte, Freud'un eksik biraktigi yonlerini, analitik bir sekilde ortaya koymaya calismistir.
 
 Insan sevmeyi ogrenerek yeniden diger insanlarla birlesir ya da toplumun otoritesine uyarak guven kazanabilir. Insanin celiskisi; hem doganin bir parcasi olmasi hem de ondan kopuk olmasi; hem insan hem de hayvan olmasindan kaynaklanir. Hayvan olarak doyurulmasi gereken fizyolojik ozellikleri vardir. Insan olaraksa akil yurutebilir, benliginin bilincindedir. Insanin psisesini anlamanin yolu onun var olusundan kaynaklanan gereksinimlerini cozumleyebilmeye dayalidir.
 
 Insanin var olusundan kaynaklanan gereksinimler:
 
 1. Iliski Gereksinimi; Insan, insan olma ugruna dogadan kopmustur. Oyleyse doga ile olan birincilberaberliginden kopmustur. Hayvan doga ile bas edebilecek guce sahiptir. Oysa insan imgeleme ve dusunce gucune sahip olup doga ile yakin ve bagimliliga dayanan iliskisini yitirmistir. Insanin kendi iliskilerini kurabilmesi icin buyuk bir caba harcamasi gerekir. Doyum saglayabilmesi icin de uremeye yonelikbir sevgiye ihtiyaci vardir. Bu tur bir sevgi ise karsilikli sorumluluk, saygi, ozen ve anlayis gerektirir.
 
 1. Iliski Gereksinimi; Insan, insan olma ugruna doga-dan kopmustur. Oyleyse doga ile olan birincil beraberliginden kopmustur. Hayvan doga ile bas edebilecek guce sahiptir. Oysa insan imgeleme ve dusunce gucune sahip olup doga ile yakin ve bagimliliga dayanan iliskisini yitirmistir. Insanin kendi iliskilerini kurabilmesi icin buyuk bir caba harcamasi gerekir. Doyum saglayabilmesi icin de uremeye yonelik bir sevgiye ihtiyaci vardir. Bu tur bir sevgi ise karsilikli sorumluluk, saygi, ozen ve anlayis gerektirir.
 
 2. Askin Olma Gereksinimi; Insan askin olmaya zorlanir cunku hayvansi dogasinin ustune cikmak, herhangi bir varlik olmak yerine yaratici bir varlik olmak gereksinimindedir. Insanin yaratici durtuleri engellendigi zaman yikici olur. Sevgi ve nefret karsit durtuler degildir. Ikisi de insanin hayvan dogasini asabilme cabasindan kaynaklanir. Hayvan ne sevebilir ne de nefret edebilir. Oysa insan hem sevebilir em de nefret edebilir.
 
 3. Insan dogal kokenini arar; Insan dunyanin tamamlayici bir parcasi oldugunu ve bir yere ait oldugunu his-setmek ister. Cocukken anne-babasina ait hisseder. Ancak gelistikce bu duygunun ortadan kalkmasi gerekir. (Yoksa tehlikeli sonuclar dogurabilir.) Insan kendisine en fazla doyum saglayan ve en saglikli ait olma duygularini diger insanlarla dostca duygular yasayarak saglar.
 
 4. Kisisel bir kimlige sahip olmak ister; Bazen birey yaratici gucunu kullanarak amacina ulasamaz. O zaman bir grup ya da bir baskasi ile ozdesleserek farklilik kazanabilir. Boyle durumlarda kimlik duygusu birisi olmaktan degil, birine it olmaktan kaynaklanir.
 
 5. Her birey bir basvuru cercevesine ihtiyac duyar; Aslinda bireyin icinde yasadigi dunyayi tutarli bir bicimde algilayabilmesini saglar. Cerceve mantikli ya da mantiksiz olabilir. Ilk basvuru cercevesi, ailesidir.
Disponible desde: 07/12/2024.
Longitud de impresión: 400 páginas.

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