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  The Internet Is Not What You...

  Justin E. H. Smith

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  An original deep history of the internet that tells the story of the centuries-old utopian dreams behind it—and explains why they have died today 
   
  Many think of the internet as an unprecedented and overwhelmingly positive achievement of modern human technology. But is it? In The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is, Justin Smith offers an original deep history of the internet, from  
  the ancient to the modern world—uncovering its surprising origins in nature and centuries-old dreams of radically improving human life by outsourcing thinking to machines and communicating across vast distances. Yet, despite the internet’s  
  continuing potential, Smith argues, the utopian hopes behind it have finally died today, killed by the harsh realities of social media, the global information economy, and the attention-destroying nature of networked technology. 
   
  Ranging over centuries of the history and philosophy of science and technology, Smith shows how the “internet” has been with us much longer than we usually think. He draws fascinating connections between internet user experience,  
  artificial intelligence, the invention of the printing press, communication between trees, and the origins of computing in the machine-driven looms of the silk industry. At the same time, he reveals how the internet’s organic structure and  
  development root it in the natural world in unexpected ways that challenge efforts to draw an easy line between technology and nature. 
   
  Combining the sweep of intellectual history with the incisiveness of philosophy, The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is cuts through our daily digital lives to give a clear-sighted picture of what the internet is, where it came from, and where it might be taking us in the coming decades.

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  Church of Jesus Christ of...

  Editors Charles River

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  Among all the various figures in 19th century America who left controversial legacies, it is hard to find one as influential as Joseph Smith (1805-1844), the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mormonism, and the Latter-Day Saint movement. Revered as a prophet on the level of Moses by some, reviled as a perpetrator of large-scale fraud by others, what everyone can agree on is that Joseph Smith founded a religious movement that played a crucial role in the settlement of the West, especially in Utah. 
  Smith’s death was one of the catalysts for the Mormons’ great migration to Utah, and today that state and the Mormons are virtually synonymous. To this day, Mormons still form a majority of the population, and members of the Church have prominent political and economic roles. Among the most effective methods by which the Latter-Day Saints attained regional dominance was the flooding of specific areas with a like-minded population of fellow settlers and offspring, subsequently controlling the voting and government institutions through a weighty majority. Such an approach caused alarm in each region to which Mormon settlers emigrated; the church collective had already been evicted from New York and other areas for exercising the tactic. The practice of polygamy within the church may have been socially repugnant to Judaic and Christian denominations, but the schism between Mormonism and other American faiths lay deeper. This theological separatism caused the Mormon community to live apart, except in the pursuit of converts. The church became increasingly perceived as “un-American,” and over time hostile to and dismissive of those living outside the faith. In time, the Mormon belief that its members were the only heirs to the kingdom of God justified the commission of crimes, including murder. The non-Mormon population responded in kind.

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  Fundamental Principles of the...

  Immanuel Kant

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  In "Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals," Kant explores the ethical foundation of human actions. He argues for the supremacy of moral duty based on rational principles, emphasizing the intrinsic value of goodwill. Kant's deontological ethics asserts that individuals should act according to universalizable moral maxims, independent of consequences. The text delves into the concept of categorical imperatives and the autonomy of the moral law, shaping a profound philosophical framework for ethical decision-making. Read in English, unabridged.

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  The Theory of Sexuality

  Sigmund Freud

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  "The Theory of Sexuality" by Sigmund Freud delves into the complexities of human sexual development and its profound impact on psychology. Freud introduces groundbreaking concepts such as the Oedipus complex, and the role of repression in shaping adult desires. He argues that sexuality evolves through distinct stages, influencing personality and emotional well-being. By examining controversial topics, Freud challenges societal norms, emphasizing unconscious drives. This foundational text bridges biology, culture, and psychology, offering insights into relationships, neuroses, and human behavior. Though provocative, it reshaped modern understandings of sexuality and remains central to psychoanalytic theory.

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  The Consciousness Corner - The...

  Energy Philosopher

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  What role does our consciousness play in our lives, the answer is everything. We are a sum of all the consciousness inferences we have ever had. The Consciousness Corner introduces the modern-day philosophies of Unknowism, Valueism, Naturalism, and the Psychology of the Unknown.  
  The existential crisis morphs over time as we search for answers, an individual journey we all take. While the questions don’t change, the answers do. The Consciousness Corner delves deep into the philosophy of consciousness and its role in our lives.

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  Edo Period - Tokugawa Rule...

  Rolf Hedger

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  The Edo period in Japan began with the dramatic rise of Tokugawa Ieyasu and the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, which would bring over two centuries of relative peace and stability to the country. This transformation was not immediate but was set into motion by the pivotal Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu, a powerful daimyo and skilled strategist, emerged victorious in this decisive conflict, defeating rival factions and securing his dominance over the fractured Japanese landscape. This battle marked the end of the Warring States period, a time of nearly constant civil war, and laid the foundation for a new era of centralized feudal rule. 
  In 1603, Ieyasu was granted the title of shogun by the emperor, officially establishing the Tokugawa Shogunate. Although the emperor remained a symbolic figurehead, true political power rested with the shogun. Ieyasu’s government was based in Edo, a small fishing village that quickly developed into a sprawling political and economic center—modern-day Tokyo. From here, the Tokugawa clan implemented a system of governance that emphasized strict control, social hierarchy, and regional oversight. The shogunate devised a complex administrative structure that allowed it to maintain authority over hundreds of semi-autonomous domains ruled by daimyo, while ensuring loyalty through a combination of military strength, economic policy, and social regulation. 
  One of the key strategies used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to solidify his power was the creation of the han system. Under this arrangement, each daimyo governed a specific territory but was subject to strict oversight from the shogunate. The policy of sankin-kotai, or alternate attendance, required daimyo to spend alternating years in Edo, effectively draining their resources and keeping them under close surveillance. Their families were often kept in Edo as virtual hostages, ensuring obedience and discouraging rebellion.

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