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  Heavyweight - Black Boxers and...

  Jordana Moore Saggese

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  In Heavyweight, Jordana Moore Saggese examines images of Black heavyweight boxers to map the visual terrain of racist ideology in the United States, paying particular attention to the intersecting discourses of Blackness, masculinity, and sport. Looking closely at the "shadow archive" of portrayals across fine art, vernacular imagery, and public media at the turn of the twentieth century, she demonstrates how the images of boxers reveal the racist stereotypes implicit in them, many of which continue to structure ideas of Black men today. With a focus on both anonymous fighters and notorious champions, including Jack Johnson, Saggese contends that popular images of these men provided white spectators a way to render themselves experts on Blackness and Black masculinity. These images became the blueprint for white conceptions of the Black male body—existing between fear and fantasy, simultaneously an object of desire and an instrument of violence. Reframing boxing as yet another way whiteness establishes the violent mythology of its supremacy, Saggese highlights the role of imagery in normalizing a culture of anti-Blackness.

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  The Libertarian Ideal - How...

  Arlo Holders

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  Libertarianism is a political philosophy that places individual liberty at its core, emphasizing the importance of personal freedom, limited government, and voluntary cooperation. Rooted in centuries of intellectual thought, libertarianism advocates for a society in which individuals are free to pursue their own goals and aspirations as long as they respect the rights of others. This emphasis on freedom and responsibility makes libertarianism distinct from other political ideologies, which often prioritize collective goals or centralized authority. 
  The roots of libertarian thought can be traced back to classical liberalism, a tradition that emerged during the Enlightenment. Philosophers such as John Locke, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill laid the foundation for the principles that underpin libertarianism today. Locke's theories of natural rights and property ownership, Smith's advocacy for free markets, and Mill's emphasis on individual autonomy and freedom of expression all contribute to the philosophical underpinnings of libertarianism. In the modern era, thinkers like Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, and Ayn Rand have further developed these ideas, providing a framework for how a free society can function effectively. 
  At its heart, libertarianism is built on the idea of self-ownership—the belief that individuals have an inherent right to control their own lives, bodies, and property. From this principle flows the concept of voluntary interaction, which holds that relationships and exchanges between people should occur through mutual consent rather than coercion. Libertarians reject the use of force, except in cases of self-defense or the defense of others, and they champion the principle of non-aggression as a moral guide.

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  The Rise of Socialism - 1884-1918

  William Morris, Annie Besant,...

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  The birth of liberation movements in the C19th saw a rise in fighting for the rights of workers.William Morris believed decries the belief “not that Commerce was made for man, but that man was made for Commerce”, with the profit motive that renders all work miserable when “It is right and necessary that all men should have work to do which shall be worth doing, and be of itself pleasant to do; and which should be done under such conditions as would make it neither over-wearisome nor over-anxious.”Edward Carpenter demands of those whose only question is “Does It Pay?” to know why any action is undertaken. On starting a farm, he found, “that if I was happy in the life..., and if we were cultivating genuine and useful products… that it might really pay me better to get 1%, than 10% with jangling and wrangling.”Annie Besant attacks a reactionary appeal to the ‘natural’ role of men and women by pointing out that it is equality of opportunity and representation that women want.Eduard Bernstein confronts a misunderstanding that people still have today. Marx and Engels realized in their lifetimes that society was further away than they initially thought from a genuine socialism – that many small revolutions would be necessary, and that a single grand rewriting of society could not work. The next writer also refers to it, in saying that “A few.. only know what Socialism is, and they are Socialists. The rest are opposed to it because the little they know about it is not true.”Eugene Debs rails against the approach government takes in promoting “equality” between capitalist and labourer.We end with Debs' response to being sentenced to ten years imprisonment, for the crime of “opposing a social order in which it is possible for one man who does absolutely nothing that is useful to amass a fortune, while millions work all the days of their lives secure barely enough for a wretched existence. .”

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  A Fitting of Halperin’s...

  Steve Dafoe

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  A Fitting of Halperin’s Bureaucratic Model with Domestic and Foreign Policy Events of the Vietnam War

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  History of Marathas EP15 - 1761...

  Vikrant Pande

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  The flat plains of Panipat had seen the battle in 1526 and 1555 where Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi and Akbar defeated the Afghan army led by Hemchandra, aka Hemu, who was captured and beheaded by Behram Khan.
  Now two and half centuries later, two mega armies stood waiting for a battle.
  What kind of enemy's strength are we talking of? There are many records, one of them is written by Kasiraj, a sixty year old man, who was part of Bhau's huge army. He wrote his Kasiraj bakhar, nearly nineteen years after the war. He estimates Abdali's men to be around eighty thousand while the Marathas had seventy thousand. There are many historians who have given different figures but what we are looking is the fact that they two armies were well matched.

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  Egyptian Book of the Dead and...

  Gerald Massey

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  There is no death in the Osirian religion, only decay and change, and periodic renewal; only evolution and transformation in the domain of matter and the transubstantiation into spirit. In the so-called death of Osiris it is rebirth, not death, exactly the same as in the changes of external nature. At the close of the day the solar orb went down and left the sun god staring blankly in the dark of death. Taht the moon god met him in Amenta with the eye of Horus as the light the was to illuminate the darkness of the subterranean world. –from “Egyptian Book of the Dead and the Mysteries of Amenta” It goes unappreciated by modern Egyptologists, but it is embraced by those who savor the concept of a “hidden history” of humanity, and those who approach all human knowledge from the perspective of the esoteric. Gerard Massey’s massive Ancient Egypt: The Light of the World–first published in 1907 and the crowning achievement of the self-taught scholar–redefines the roots of Christianity via Egypt, proposing that Egyptian mythology was the basis for Jewish and Christian beliefs. Here, Cosimo proudly presents Book 4 of Ancient Egypt, in which Massey discusses the Egyptian Book of the Dead as the “pre-Christian word of God,” and explores the idea that Amenta, the threshold to the Egyptian underworld, is the first overt expression of a human desire for a noncorporeal afterlife. Massey goes on to connect the “mystery of the mummy” to “the mystery of the Christ” by likening the Christian dogma of physical resurrection to the Egyptian impetus for mummification. Peculiar and profound, this work will intrigue and delight readers of history, religion, and mythology. British author GERALD MASSEY (1828-1907) published works of poetry, spiritualism, Shakespearean criticism, and theology, but his best-known works are in the realm of Egyptology, including A Book of the Beginnings and The Natural Genesis.

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