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  Russo-Turkish Wars The: The...

  Editors Charles River

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  In the wake of taking Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire would spend the next few centuries expanding its size, power, and influence, bumping up against Eastern Europe and becoming one of the world’s most important geopolitical players. It was a rise that would not truly start to wane until the 19th century, and in the centuries before the decline of the “sick man of Europe,” the Ottomans frequently tried to push further into Europe. 
  Some of those forays were memorably countered by Western Europeans and the Holy League, but the Ottomans’ most frequent foe was the Russian Empire, which opposed them for both geopolitical and religious reasons. From negotiations to battles, the two sides jockeyed for position over the course of hundreds of years, and the start of the fighting may have represented the Ottomans’ best chance to conquer Moscow and change the course of history. 
  By the 19th century, the tsar was notoriously referring to the Ottoman Empire as the “sick man of Europe,” and by the start of World War I, the Ottoman Empire was often described as a dwindling power, mired by administrative corruption, using inferior technology, and plagued by poor leadership. The general idea is that the Ottoman Empire was “lagging behind,” likely coming from the clear stagnation of the empire between 1683 and 1826. Yet it can be argued that this portrayal is often misleading and fails to give a fuller picture of the state of the Ottoman Empire. Looking at the reforms, technological advances and modernization efforts made by the Ottoman elite between 1826 and the beginning of World War I, one could really wonder why such a thirst for change failed to save the Ottomans when similar measures taken by other nations, such as Japan during the Meiji era, did in fact result in the rise of a global power in the 20th century.

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  The Bandwagon Effect - How...

  William Rands

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  The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when people tend to align their opinions, behaviors, or preferences with the majority or popular opinion, often without critically evaluating the subject at hand. This effect is driven by the inherent desire to fit in, avoid conflict, and adhere to social norms. The term "bandwagon" originally emerged in the 19th century, with its roots in political campaigns where politicians would refer to a parade or vehicle that people would literally "jump onto" once it gained popularity. Over time, it evolved to describe the broader tendency to follow the crowd, especially in decision-making processes. 
  The bandwagon effect is grounded in the psychology of conformity, which has been extensively studied. Humans are social beings, and much of our behavior is influenced by the groups we belong to. From childhood, individuals learn to adopt behaviors and opinions based on what is seen as acceptable or desirable within their social circles. This need to belong can be so strong that individuals may forego independent thought in favor of adopting the views of others, even when these views may not align with their personal beliefs or values. 
  One of the primary drivers of the bandwagon effect is the desire for social approval. People often feel that aligning with popular opinion will grant them a sense of acceptance and belonging within a group. Additionally, there is a cognitive bias at play. When individuals perceive that a particular opinion or behavior is widely held, they may believe that it is correct or valid, simply because others hold it. This is closely related to the concept of social proof, where individuals look to others as a guide in uncertain situations. The more people who adopt a certain belief, the more likely others are to follow, creating a cycle of reinforcement.

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  Upside Down - A Primer for the...

  Eduardo Galeano

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  From the winner of the first Lannan Prize for Cultural Freedom, a bitingly funny, kaleidoscopic vision of the First World through the eyes of the Third.Eduardo Galeano, author of the incomparable Memory of Fire Trilogy, combines a novelist's intensity, a poet's lyricism, a journalist's fearlessness, and the strong judgments of an engaged historian. Now his talents are richly displayed in Upside Down, an eloquent, passionate, sometimes hilarious exposé of our first-world privileges and assumptions.In a series of lesson plans and a “program of study” about our beleaguered planet, Galeano takes the reader on a wild trip through the global looking glass. From a master class in “The Impunity of Power” to a seminar on “The Sacred Car” —with tips along the way on “How to Resist Useless Vices” and a declaration of “The Right to Rave” —he surveys a world unevenly divided between abundance and deprivation, carnival and torture, power and helplessness. We have accepted a reality we should reject, Galeano teaches us, one where machines are more precious than humans, people are hungry, poverty kills, and children toil from dark to dark.A work of fire and charm, Upside Down makes us see the world anew and even glimpse how it might be set right.“Galeano's outrage is tempered by intelligence, an ineradicable sense of humor, and hope.” —Los Angeles Times

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  Stolen Family - Captive in Saudi...

  Johanne Durocher

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  Canadian Nathalie Morin's four children cannot leave Saudi Arabia without exit visas signed by Nathalie's abusive husband. Her mother chronicles her decades-long struggle to bring her daughter and four grandchildren home to safety in Montreal.

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  Conduct of Life volume 1

  R. Moses Almosnino, Walter...

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  The major work of Rabbi Moses Almosnino (1515-1580), “Conduct of Life,” remains to this day an essential reference in classical Judeo-Spanish literature, now finally available in English in its first translation. First published in Ladino in 1564 as, Sefer Hanhagat ha-hayimIn 1729 as “Reghimiento de la vyida”, this three-volume edition is part of the prestigious collection Veritas è terra orietur. The introduction by Jean-Pierre Rothschild, Director of Research at CNRS and Director of Studies at EPHE, specializing in medieval philosophy, enlightens the reader on the foundations and stakes of the work. The first volume aims to provide practical advice for leading a good life from an early age. It emphasizes the distinction between spiritual, physical, and external goods (Volume 1, chapters 1-3), including suggestions on dietary habits, sleep and waking, going to bed and getting up, walking and sitting, speaking and silence (chapters 4-10), the four types of discourse, and why the righteous die young (chapter 11). Finally, it addresses questions on eschatology, classical philosophy, and theodicy (chapters 12-14). “Conduct of Life” draws heavily from the Nicomachean Ethics but transcends this source by situating itself at the universal intersection of several traditions: Greco-Arabic philosophy, Judeo-Christian scholasticism, classical Sephardic Judaism, and medieval Jewish thought. Thus, this work contributes to peace and intercultural understanding among peoples.

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  Life in the UK Test 2025 - The...

  GreatBrit Education

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  Are you looking for the perfect way to study for your upcoming Life in the UK Test in 2024 or 2025?  
  Do you wish you could pass first time, and become a British Citizen?  
  Maybe you just want to settle in the United Kingdom with "indefinite leave to remain"? 
  Whatever your motivation is to stay in the UK - whether for love, work, or family - we get it.  
  The problem you have is - the test is HARD.  
  And many people fail first-time round. 
  This comprehensive guide was created to guide you through passing the exam as fast & painlessly as possible. 
  Inside our new Audiobook, here's just a taste of what you'll get:500+ Practice Questions & Answers - that you can listen to over & over again.Up-to-date content for 2024 & 2025 - including the new PM, Brexit updates, and more.Written by British Historians - With Expert Knowledge - Triple Checked for AccuracyAn award-winning British Narrator (listen to the audio sample to hear what he sounds like)This Audiobook has been completely re-written and re-narrated since the previous edition.Perfect for Spotify ListenersAnd much, much more. 
  No matter whether you're from Bangladesh, Syria, Poland, Pakistan or anywhere else - this Audiobook is all you'll need to succeed.  
  So, if you don't want to be become the next person to fail this challenging test...Then listen to our Official Audiobook now!

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