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  Phoenician Language and Writing:...

  Editors Charles River

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  There is no doubt that the alphabets and forms of writing employed by most European languages comes directly from the Phoenicians, but the process by which that took place is still a mystery. Some of the ancient historians provided theories concerning how the Phoenicians gave their alphabet and system of writing to the Greeks, and Herodotus offered an account that is probably more accurate than most. He claimed, “The Phoenicians who came with Cadmus – amongst whom were the Gephyraei – introduced into Greece, after their settlement in the country, a number of accomplishments, of which the most important was writing, an art till then, I think, unknown to the Greeks. At first, they used the same characters as all the other Phoenicians, but as time went on, and they changed their language, they also changed the shape of their letters. At that period most of the Greeks in the neighborhood were Ionians; they were also taught these letters by the Phoenicians and adopted them, with a few alterations, for their own use, continuing to refer to them as Phoenician characters – as was only right, as the Phoenicians had introduced them.”  
  Like many of Herodotus’ other passages in Histories, there is truth wrapped with some errors. The Greeks certainly knew of the concept of writing before the Phoenicians, as the Mycenaeans used the Linear B script, but that knowledge had vanished at the end of the Bronze Age (Morkot 1996, 18). Perhaps what makes Herodotus’ account accurate and most interesting is his description of how the writing evolved. He mentions how the Greeks “changed the shape of their letters”, which is the normal course when any group of people adopts a script to write their native language. For example, there are slight variations in the Latin script employed by most modern Western European languages, such as the umlauts in German or the various accents in French and Spanish.

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  Library of Alexandria and the...

  Editors Charles River

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  In the Middle Ages, the lack of libraries in the West helped contribute to the popular imagination of the ancient Library at Alexandria, and all the myths and legends that have come to be associated with it, but the Library of Alexandria deserves its reputation. Before medieval times, Greek scholars carefully collected and inventoried books and other written materials in the Library of Alexandria, which truly made it a sort of precursor to all modern libraries. In fact, the Library of Alexandria proved to be one of the greatest institutions created in the ancient world because it influenced the minds of countless people in profound ways for centuries. The Library not only inspired the imaginations of artists but gave birth to new research methods, which proved to provide the basis for many considered common-place today. The Library of Alexandria was one of the few libraries in the ancient Greek world, which helped ensure that mathematicians, scientists and other scholars from across the Mediterranean traveled to Egypt to study there, and it was so impressive in its size and influence that it left an indelible mark on the world that still reverberates today.  
  	The Library of Pergamon was established slightly later than the Library of Alexandria, during the reign of king Eumenes II, but Eumenes embarked on a program to stock the Library of Pergamon with some of the greatest works of Greek literature in order to rival the Library of Alexandria. For example, a complete set of Demosthenes’ works was among the classics that graced the shelves in the Pergamon collection. This competition seems to have been the basis for the papyrus ban, as the Ptolemies intended to halt academic work in Pergamon, such as editing new editions of the classics. While the Ptolemaic ban on papyrus may have slowed operations at the Library of Pergamon, the introduction of parchment as a medium of writing helped re-stock Pergamon’s Library.

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  Learn Italian for Beginners:...

  Paul Jackson, Patrick Noble

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  Learning a new language can seem difficult, if not impossible at the very beginning. If you’re an adult, then it probably seems even scarier. You may have had a bad experience trying to learn a second language in school. You’ve wanted to learn Italian for some time now. It could just be because you’re in love with the language or you may live in an area where Italian is routinely spoken. Regardless of the reason, your desire to learn a second language is genuine, and it has driven you here.It’s easier than you thinkYou’re not going to pull out your hair while learning Italian. It won’t be long until you amaze your friends and family by speaking Italian to them. It’s entirely possible that you could even hold a conversation with a native Italian speaker within a mere matter of weeks.Learn the most common words spoken in publicIt seems that learning a foreign language is difficult because there are so many words to learn. In fact, this isn’t the truth at all. There are only about 2,000 words that you need to learn. If you learn just these words, it’s possible to have a conversation with just about anyone. You’ll be talking to strangers in no time, and it will even surprise you.A second language opens up a new world of opportunitiesLearn phrases that you’ll use every daySpeak to the locals while travelingPlace orders at your favorite restaurantsHave casual conversations in ItalianYou may live in a community where Italian is widely spoken. If so, then you already have a feeling of what you’re missing out on. It’s an even bigger deal if you’re a businessperson who’s losing out on profits. Think about all the lost sales that you’ve had up until this point. You can be one step ahead of the competition by merely speaking the language of those who are seeking products or services.

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  Urban Land Markets - Dynamics...

  Lyric Vale

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  Urban land markets are crucial to the development and expansion of cities, influencing everything from economic activity to social interactions and environmental sustainability. These markets function as the mechanism through which land is bought, sold, and leased, determining how space within urban areas is utilized. Understanding urban land markets involves exploring how land use is shaped by the interplay of demand, supply, policies, and market dynamics. This chapter delves into the foundational concepts of urban land markets, their historical development, and their significance in modern urban planning. 
  The historical context of urban land markets is essential to understanding their current structure and function. In the early stages of urbanization, land was primarily a commodity for agriculture, with little concern for the complexities of modern urban needs. As cities began to grow during the industrial revolution, urban land markets evolved to accommodate increasing populations and the demand for residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. The shift from agricultural use to urban development created new challenges in managing land distribution and urban expansion. Over time, urban land markets have adapted to accommodate the changing needs of societies, from the rise of real estate development to the creation of zoning laws aimed at regulating land use. 
  Urban land markets play a significant role in shaping the growth of cities, impacting everything from infrastructure development to housing affordability. Land is a finite resource, and the decisions made within urban land markets can either promote or hinder the expansion of urban spaces. The dynamics of these markets are influenced by several factors, including population growth, economic conditions, government policies, and technological advancements.

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  Alien Invasion

  Raphael Terra

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  This audiobook has been recorded using Text to speech (TTS). 
   
  Across the world thousands of men and women have seen UFOs with their own eyes. They have even seen alien beings. They have even come into contact with them. The fact is there have been hundreds of UFO's crashed onto our planet. And we have witnessed them. 
   
  Across the world people are paralysed, abducted, abused and terrorised. Landscapes are burned and scarred. Towns are closed down, radio stations threatened and lies are spread. 
   
  But the truth can be seen when we expose all the evidence. When we bring the hundreds of UFO crashes together in one story. There is a pattern. But, what are the aliens doing? Why are they crashing? Are we at war? 
   
  Our secretive military and inner-governments know what is happening and they are hiding it from us. They close down every site, cordon off, recover technology and corpses and then cover-up. They have been doing so for decades and we are being fooled. Why? Because we are at war. 
   
  This is the story of Alien Contact. This is the story of the Alien Invasion.

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  A Guide to Public Speaking for...

  Luke Brownlee

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  A Guide to Public Speaking for Success: A Guide on How to Harness the Power of Words and Learn to Speak with ImpactUnlock the key to unlocking your potential as a masterful speaker and unleash the full power of your words. Whether you're a business professional, student, or aspiring speaker, this audiobook is your comprehensive roadmap to becoming a confident and influential communicator.From conquering stage fright to crafting powerful narratives, this audiobook equips you with the essential skills and strategies to speak with impact. Explore proven techniques for structuring your speeches, commanding attention through body language, and mastering the art of vocal delivery. Discover the secrets of connecting emotionally with your audience, infusing your words with authenticity and sincerity.But it's not just about the mechanics of speaking. "A Guide to Public Speaking for Success" delves into the psychological aspects of communication, helping you build unshakable confidence and overcome self-doubt. Learn how to channel nerves into positive energy, embrace vulnerability, and exude charisma on stage. Cultivate the mindset of a successful speaker, and let your passion and enthusiasm shine through every word you utter.Whether you aspire to deliver impactful business presentations, inspire others with motivational talks, or simply communicate with confidence in any situation, "A Guide to Public Speaking for Success: A Guide on How to Harness the Power of Words and Learn to Speak with Impact" is your indispensable companion. Let it be your catalyst for unleashing your full potential as a persuasive, engaging, and influential speaker who leaves a lasting impression.

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