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  Cholula: The History and Legacy...

  Editors Charles River

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  Spanish accounts and Mesoamerican ruins have ensured that 500 years later, people remain fascinated by civilizations like the Maya and Aztec, as well as sites such as Chichen Itza and Tikal. What is often overlooked is that the Maya and Aztec established kingdoms on lands that had been inhabited for millennia before them, and ancient cultures had not only left ruins but also influenced the civilizations that came after them. Thus, while sites like Chichen Itza are more famous, they drew upon past sites like Teotihuacan.  
  	Cholula is one of the most interesting, enigmatic, and forgotten cities in ancient Mesoamerica, and few people are aware that it is the oldest continuously-occupied settlement in the entire Western hemisphere. The current city is known for the Great Pyramid, which has the largest base of all pyramids in the world, as well as its many colonial churches and constant religious celebrations. All of these things ensure that Cholula is heavily visited, but the tremendous importance of Prehispanic Cholula has mostly been lost in the historical accounts of Puebla and even Mexico as a whole. 
  	Located in the Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley within a very fertile area, the Prehispanic city of Cholula was founded around 500 BCE. It soon developed into an important city and the construction of its Great Pyramid began around 200 BCE. During the height of Teotihuacan’s influence in the Classic period and the expansion of the Aztecs in the Postclassic, Cholula managed to maintain its independence and grew to become the greatest religious center in central Mesoamerica. As the main site for the cult of the god Quetzalcoatl, Cholula received pilgrims from many Prehispanic cities, and the two high priests of the Temple of Quetzalcoatl were charged with confirming the legitimacy of these foreign rulers, making their role one of the most important in the region.

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  Relativity: The Special and...

  Albert Einstein

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  This is an introduction to Einstein’s space-bending, time-stretching theory of Relativity, written by the master himself. Special and General relativity explain the structure of space time and provide a theory of gravitation, respectively. Einstein’s theories shocked the world with their counterintuitive results, including the dissolution of absolute time. In this book he brings a simplified form of his profound understanding of the subject to the layperson. In the words of Einstein: “The present book is intended, as far as possible, to give an exact insight into the theory of Relativity to those readers who, from a general scientific and philosophical point of view, are interested in the theory, but who are not conversant with the mathematical apparatus of theoretical physics.” The book is challenging at times but, when approached patiently, proves itself one of the most lucid explanations of Relativity to be found anywhere. [Due to transcription or optical character recognition errors in creating online texts, and because of less-than-clear fonts in some printed texts, the variables as read in some of the equations here are not as Einstein intended. For example, the numeral ‘one’ has frequently been printed and read as the letter ‘I.’ In addition, some equations do not translate well into the spoken word. If you require completely accurate renditions of Einstein’s mathematical formulas, we suggest that you consult a published text.] — Summary written by Kelly Bescherer [and Laurie Anne Walden]

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  In Defense of Texas Independence

  Stephen F. Austin

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  Stephen F. Austin prided himself as being one of the US’s first emigrants to Texas. He also played his part in establishing Texas’ independence from Mexico. In this defense, he describes Texas’ reasons for rebelling against Mexican forces and affirms that the potential new nation would have the necessary resources to gain and maintain independence. Though beat out for the first Texas presidency by Sam Houston, Austin went down in history as the “Father of Texas.”  

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  The Roman Empire and Byzantine...

  Charles River Editors

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  For the people of the ancient Mediterranean and beyond, the city of Rome had been a symbol of power for centuries, and entering the early 5th century CE, the Eternal City hadn’t been taken by an enemy force since the Gauls had done it about 800 years earlier, an unheard of period of tranquility in a world wracked with almost constant warfare. 
  Thus, when the Visigoths, whom the Romans considered uncultured and inferior, took the city of Rome and sacked it in 410, the world was stunned. It made theologians of the newly Christianized empire question God’s plan on Earth, and it encouraged many leading Romans to look east to Constantinople for their future. Indeed, the Western Roman Empire would completely collapse in the late 5th century, less than 70 years after the Visigoths sacked Rome, and just how it went from being a superpower to a poorly led, weak, and vulnerable shadow of its former self has preoccupied historians for centuries. 
  To this day, it remains difficult to trace just when the decline began, but it’s fair to say that the sack of Rome was the result of a number of factors that had been coalescing for many years. In the end, the fall of the Roman Empire was not a tale of cataclysmic events that shattered the sprawling power, but the culmination of centuries of internal dissent and decay, combined with growing external threats that led to gradual decline and eventually to the empire’s final destruction.  
  In terms of geopolitics, perhaps the most seminal event of the Middle Ages was the successful Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453. The city had been an imperial capital as far back as the 4th century, when Constantine the Great shifted the power center of the Roman Empire there, effectively establishing two almost equally powerful halves of antiquity’s greatest empire. Constantinople would continue to serve as the capital of the Byzantine Empire even after the Western half of the Roman Empire collapsed.

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  The Magic in Your Genes - Your...

  Cairelle Crow

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  A unique guide that combines traditional genealogy with magical practices to deepen your relationship with ancestors. 
   
   
    
  Have you been searching for a way to find deeper connection with your ancestors? Or would you like to learn how to reach your spirit guides? Author Cairelle Crow utilizes science, spells, and rituals to create a very profound book of ancestor working. 
   
   
    
  Magic in Your Genes offers a route to becoming more in tune with your personal genealogical background so that you can begin to understand more about your ancestors. 
   
   
    
  The book offers a primer on the basics of DNA and genetic genealogy practices, so no prior knowledge is required to put the book to use. Magical tips and techniques are placed throughout to help the listener utilize both technical and magical resources as appropriate to the content in each chapter. 
   
   
    
  Written in a conversational style, its content is easily understandable by those with limited knowledge of genetics and genealogy, yet the book's technical aspects on DNA and genetic testing are based on current standards as set forth by professional associations.

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  The Seeds of Disaster - The...

  Robert A Doughty

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  This military history examines the development of French Army doctrine from the end of WWI to the disastrous German invasion of WWII. The importance of military doctrine has never been more powerfully demonstrated than in May of 1940, when France suffered a swift collapse in the face of German aggression. Though the French had spent twenty years preparing for just such an event, their military was defenseless against the type of fighting they suddenly faced. Few defeats have been so unexpected.  In The Seeds of Disaster, military historian Robert Doughty examines the doctrinal origins of this historic failure. Doughty traces the development of the French Army’s military doctrine from 1919 to 1939, revealing how its fundamental misunderstandings of modern warfare led to an elaborate yet inept system of defense.

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