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  The Old Kingdom of Egypt - The...

  Omar Khalil

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  The Old Kingdom of Egypt, often referred to as the “Age of the Pyramids,” marks one of the most prosperous and significant periods in the history of ancient Egypt. This era, which lasted from around 2686 to 2181 BCE, witnessed the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under a single ruler and the establishment of the pharaoh as the central figure of both politics and religion. It was a time when the foundations of the Egyptian state were solidified, and the monumental pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, were built. 
  The rise of the Old Kingdom began with the third dynasty, following the unification of Egypt by King Narmer (also known as Menes). Narmer’s victory over the rival kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt not only led to the establishment of the first dynasty but also laid the groundwork for the idea of divine kingship. The pharaoh, believed to be the living god Horus, became the supreme ruler, a position that was both political and religious. This divine status provided the pharaoh with unquestionable authority, ensuring stability and order across the kingdom. 
  Throughout the Old Kingdom, the notion of kingship was reinforced through monumental construction projects, such as the construction of step pyramids and later the smooth-sided pyramids that are so emblematic of ancient Egypt. The earliest monumental stone structure, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, built during the third dynasty, symbolized the pharaoh’s ability to control nature and destiny. These impressive structures were not just tombs for the pharaohs but also symbols of their eternal power and the journey to the afterlife.

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  A Rare Recording of President...

  President Harry S. Truman

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  Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as vice president from January to April 1945 under FDR and as a US senator from Missouri from 1935 to January 1945. Assuming the presidency after FDR's death, Truman implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of Soviet communism. The following recording is an August 9th 1945 radio address President Harry S. Truman gave on the results of the Potsdam Conference and the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.

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  Michael Faraday - Theories about...

  Kelly Mass

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  Michael Faraday was born in Newington Butts, Surrey, on September twenty-second, 1791. (which is now part of the London District of Southwark). He grew up in a bad home. His dad, James, was a Christian who came from the Glasite sect. At the time of the winter season of 1790, James Faraday moved his marriage partner and 2 kids from Outhgill, Westmorland, where he had been an apprentice to the town blacksmith. In the fall of that year, Michael was born. Michael Faraday, the 3rd of 4 kids, needed to inform himself after getting just a primary school education. 
  He started working as an apprentice to George Riebau, a regional bookbinder and bookseller on Blandford Street, when he was fourteen years of age. 
  Faraday read a lot of literature throughout his seven-year apprenticeship, and that includes Isaac Watts' “The Improvement of the Mind”, which he actively adopted the concepts and recommendations in. He also ended up being intrigued by physics, specifically electrical power. Jane Marcet's book Discussions on Chemistry was specifically motivating to Faraday. 
  Let’s see what else he did. In this comprehensive guide, you will find out more.

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  Humans: A Brief History of How...

  Anonym

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  Modern humans have come a long way in the seventy thousand years they’ve walked the earth. Art, science, culture, trade—on the evolutionary food chain, we’re true winners. But it hasn’t always been smooth sailing, and sometimes—just occasionally—we’ve managed to truly f*ck things up.Weaving together history, science, politics and pop culture, Humans offers a panoramic exploration of humankind in all its glory, or lack thereof. From Lucy, our first ancestor, who fell out of a tree and died, to General Zhou Shou of China, who stored gunpowder in his palace before a lantern festival, to the Austrian army attacking itself one drunken night, to the most spectacular fails of the present day, Humans reveals how even the most mundane mistakes can shift the course of civilization as we know it. Lively, wry and brimming with brilliant insight, this unique compendium offers a fresh take on world history and is one of the most entertaining reads of the year.

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  The Internet Is Not What You...

  Justin E. H. Smith

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  An original deep history of the internet that tells the story of the centuries-old utopian dreams behind it—and explains why they have died today 
   
  Many think of the internet as an unprecedented and overwhelmingly positive achievement of modern human technology. But is it? In The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is, Justin Smith offers an original deep history of the internet, from  
  the ancient to the modern world—uncovering its surprising origins in nature and centuries-old dreams of radically improving human life by outsourcing thinking to machines and communicating across vast distances. Yet, despite the internet’s  
  continuing potential, Smith argues, the utopian hopes behind it have finally died today, killed by the harsh realities of social media, the global information economy, and the attention-destroying nature of networked technology. 
   
  Ranging over centuries of the history and philosophy of science and technology, Smith shows how the “internet” has been with us much longer than we usually think. He draws fascinating connections between internet user experience,  
  artificial intelligence, the invention of the printing press, communication between trees, and the origins of computing in the machine-driven looms of the silk industry. At the same time, he reveals how the internet’s organic structure and  
  development root it in the natural world in unexpected ways that challenge efforts to draw an easy line between technology and nature. 
   
  Combining the sweep of intellectual history with the incisiveness of philosophy, The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is cuts through our daily digital lives to give a clear-sighted picture of what the internet is, where it came from, and where it might be taking us in the coming decades.

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  The Northmen In Britain

  Eleanor Hull

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  Two great streams of Northern immigration met on the shores of Britain during the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. The Norsemen from the deep fiords of Western Norway, fishing and raiding along the coasts, pushed out their adventurous boats into the Atlantic, and in the dawn of Northern history we find them already settled in the Orkney and Shetland Isles, whence they raided and settled southward to Caithness, Fife, and Northumbria on the east, and to the Hebrides, Galloway, and Man on the western coast. Fresh impetus was given to this outward movement by the changes of policy introduced by Harald Fairhair, first king of Norway (872–933). Through him a nobler type of emigrant succeeded the casual wanderer, and great lords and kings’ sons came over to consolidate the settlements begun by humbler agencies. Iceland was at the same time peopled by a similar stock. The Dane, contemporaneously with the Norseman, came by a different route. Though he seems to have been the first to invade Northumbria (if Ragnar and his sons were really Danes), his movement was chiefly round the southern shores of England, passing over by way of the Danish and Netherland coast up the English Channel, and round to the west. Both streams met in Ireland, where a sharp and lengthened contest was fought out between the two nations, and where both took deep root, building cities and absorbing much of the commerce of the country.The Viking was at first simply a bold adventurer, but a mixture of trading and raiding became a settled practice with large numbers of Norsemen, who, when work at home was slack and the harvest was sown or reaped, filled up the time by pirate inroads on their own or neighboring lands. Hardy sailors and fearless fighters they were; and life would have seemed too tame had it meant a continuous course of peaceful farming or fishing. New possessions and new conquests were the salt of life.

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