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  Jean-Paul Sartre -...

  Hector Davidson

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  Jean-Paul Sartre, a towering figure in 20th-century philosophy, is perhaps best known for his development of existentialism, a school of thought that emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and the creation of meaning in an otherwise indifferent universe. Sartre’s philosophy arises from the existentialist tradition but distinguishes itself through its rigorous approach to human freedom and responsibility. At the heart of Sartre's thought is the idea that human beings are condemned to be free, burdened with the constant task of making choices without any external justification or predetermined essence. 
  Born in Paris in 1905, Sartre’s intellectual journey was shaped by early encounters with phenomenology and existential philosophy, especially through the works of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. However, it was his engagement with phenomenology, along with his studies in literature and politics, that laid the groundwork for his later ideas. Sartre’s major philosophical work, Being and Nothingness (1943), is considered one of the central texts of existentialist thought, where he explores the nature of existence, consciousness, and freedom in profound detail. 
  Sartre’s existentialism diverges from traditional metaphysical perspectives by rejecting the notion of an intrinsic human nature or essence. For Sartre, existence precedes essence, meaning that individuals are not born with any predefined purpose or identity; instead, they must create their essence through their actions and choices. This concept places the responsibility for defining oneself squarely on the individual, leading to Sartre’s famous assertion that "man is nothing else but what he makes of himself."

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  America’s Most Influential...

  Editors Charles River

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  By the golden age of the mountain man in the mid-19th-century, there were perhaps only 3,000 living in the West. Their origins were disparate, although they included many Anglo-Americans. A good number hailed from wilderness regions of Kentucky and Virginia and throughout the newly purchased Louisiana Territory, which occupied the entire central section of the continent. French Canadians traveled from the north to work in the fur trade, while Creole-Europeans represented approximately 15% of the men known to be living the isolated mountain life. Others were of Métis, Spanish, American, Black, Indian, and mixed-blood origin, most often Iroquois or Delaware. Most came to the West in their late adolescent years, the oldest learning the trade in their 30s. Many roamed the west for as long as their constitutions would hold up under constant attacks on their health and personal safety. Some stayed too long and failed to survive the experience. Among the most famous, Jim Bridger arrived at the age of 16, while Edward Robinson was eventually killed in his 60s by what were known as “bad snakes,” a reference to the Snake tribe in Idaho country. Jim Beckwourth left the mountains at 68 and Old Bill Williams died at the age of 62 when a band of Utes “made him to come.” 
  Most of the most notable frontiersmen traveled immense distances during their careers, and for many, only distant memories could recreate the routes taken. Few of the significant wilderness figures were experienced as cartographers to create accurate maps for industry, settlement, and the military. These American frontiersmen made first contact with numerous indigenous tribes in virtually every area of the west, but viable maps were few, and between such disparate cultures, relations could prove profitable or deadly at a moment’s notice.

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  Discovering the True Self - Kodo...

  Kôdô Sawaki, Arthur Braverman

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  "You can't see your true Self. [But] you can become it. Becoming your true Self is zazen." 
   
   
   
  As an orphan in the slums of Tsu City, Japan, Kodo Sawaki had to fight his way to adulthood, and became one of the most respected Zen masters of the twentieth century. He had a great understanding of Dogen Zenji's teaching and he knew how to express Dogen's philosophy. Sawaki's primary mission was to bring all people to an awareness of the Self, which he believed came through Zen meditation. 
   
   
   
  His humor and straightforward talk garnered Sawaki followers from all walks of life. Though he remained poor by choice, he was rich in spirit. Two of his students who became known in America as well as in Japan were Kosho Uchiyama, abbot of Antaiji Temple and author of Opening The Hand of Thought, and Gudo Nishijima, Zen teacher and translator of Dogen's Shobogenzo. 
   
   
   
  A student of Kosho Uchiyama, Arthur Braverman has compiled an anthology of Sawaki's writings and a garland of sayings gathered from throughout his lifetime. One of a few collections of Sawaki's teachings published in English, his life and work bracket the most intriguing and influential period of modern Zen practice in Japan and America.

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  The World of Juliet Kinzie -...

  Ann Durkin Keating

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  When Juliette Kinzie first visited Chicago in 1831, it was anything but a city. An outpost in the shadow of Fort Dearborn, it had no streets, no sidewalks, no schools, no river-spanning bridges. And with two hundred disconnected residents, it lacked any sense of community. In the decades that followed, not only did Juliette witness the city’s transition from Indian country to industrial center, but she was instrumental in its development. 
   
  Juliette is one of Chicago’s forgotten founders. Early Chicago is often presented as “a man’s city,” but women like Juliette worked to create an urban and urbane world, often within their own parlors. With The World of Juliette Kinzie, we finally get to experience the rise of Chicago from the view of one of its most important founding mothers. 
   
  Ann Durkin Keating offers a moving portrait of a trailblazing and complicated woman. Keating takes us to the corner of Cass and Michigan (now Wabash and Hubbard), Juliette’s home base. Through Juliette’s eyes, our understanding of early Chicago expands from a city of boosters and speculators to include the world that women created in and between households. We see the development of Chicago society, first inspired by cities in the East and later coming into its own midwestern ways. We also see the city become a community, as it developed its intertwined religious, social, educational, and cultural institutions. Keating draws on a wealth of sources, including hundreds of Juliette’s personal letters, allowing Juliette to tell much of her story in her own words. 
   
  The World of Juliette Kinzie offers a new perspective on Chicago’s past and is a fitting tribute to one of the first women historians in the United States.

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  Much Ado About Numbers -...

  Rob Eastaway

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  Shakespeare's era was abuzz with mathematical progress, from the new concept of "zero" to Galileo's redraft of the heavens. Now, Rob Eastaway uncovers the many surprising ways math shaped Shakespeare's plays—and his world—touring astronomy, code-breaking, color theory, navigation, music, sports, and more. 
   
   
   
  ● How reliable was a pocket sundial? 
   
   
   
  ● Was math illusionist John Dee the real-life Prospero? 
   
   
   
  ● How long was a Scottish mile, and what could you buy for a groat? 
   
   
   
  ● How did ordinary people use numbers day to day? 
   
   
   
  ● And might Shakespeare have tried that game-changing invention—the pencil? 
   
   
   
  Full of delights for devotees of both Tudor history and the Bard, Much Ado About Numbers is proof that the arts and sciences have always danced together.

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  You Can't Get Much Closer Than...

  Andrew Z. Adkins III, A.Z. Adkins

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  After the Citadel and Officer Candidate School, Andrew Z. Adkins Jr. was sent to the 80th Infantry Division, then training in the California-Arizona desert. There, he was assigned as an 81mm mortar section leader in Company H, 2nd Battalion, 317th Infantry Regiment. 
   
   
   
  Lieutenant Adkins and his fellow soldiers took part in light hedgerow fighting that served to shake the division down and familiarize the troops and their officers with combat. While scouting for mortar positions in the woods, Adkins met a group of Germans and shot one of them dead with his carbine. This baptism in blood settled the question faced by every novice combatant: He was cool under fire, capable of killing when facing the enemy. 
   
   
   
  Adkins acted with skill and courage, placing himself at the forefront of the action whenever he could. His extremely aggressive delivery of critical supplies to a cut-off unit in an embattled French town earned him a Bronze Star, the first in his battalion. 
   
   
   
  Before his death, Andy Adkins was able to face his memory of war as bravely as he faced war itself. In 1944-45, he did his duty to his men and country—and here, he serves new generations of military and civilian listeners.

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