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  Nazca Civilization - The...

  Rolf Hedger

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  The Nazca civilization emerged along the southern coast of present-day Peru, a harsh and arid region that required ingenuity and adaptation for survival. Flourishing between approximately 100 BCE and 800 CE, the Nazca people built upon the cultural and technological advancements of their predecessors, most notably the Paracas culture. The transition from the Paracas to the Nazca was marked by shifts in artistic expression, religious practices, and innovations in agriculture that allowed the new civilization to thrive in the desert landscape. 
  One of the defining characteristics of the Nazca civilization was its ability to adapt to the unforgiving environment. The region’s climate was dry, with little rainfall, yet the Nazca found ways to harness the limited water supply to sustain their agricultural economy. They engineered underground aqueducts known as puquios, a sophisticated irrigation system that transported water from underground sources to the surface, ensuring a steady supply for crops. This ingenuity allowed them to cultivate maize, beans, squash, and cotton, which became essential to their diet and economy. 
  The Nazca culture was also shaped by its geography. The valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca provided fertile land where the civilization’s settlements and ceremonial centers flourished. Unlike the grand urban centers of the Andean highlands, the Nazca people lived in smaller, dispersed communities that relied on a combination of agriculture and trade. These communities were connected by a shared cultural and religious framework that revolved around the worship of powerful deities linked to nature, fertility, and water.

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  Birthing Justice - Black Women...

  Julia Chinyere Oparah, Alicia D...

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  The second edition of this pathbreaking, widely taught book offers five new chapters, on breastfeeding and Black infant health; Black birthing during Covid; Black doulas rethinking birthing practices; the recent buildup of a US national movement; and expanding the global movement for sexual and reproductive wellbeing. Other chapters are updated throughout. Birthing Justice puts black women's voices at the center of the debate on what should be done to fix the broken maternal care system. It foregrounds Black women's agency in the birth justice movement. First published in 2016, Birthing Justice is a seminal text for those interested in maternal healthcare, reproductive justice, health equity, and intersectional racial justice, especially in courses on gender studies, Black studies, public health, and training programs for midwives and OB/GYNs.

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  The Agony of Eros

  Byung-Chul Han, Alain Badiou

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  An argument that love requires the courage to accept self-negation for the sake of discovering the Other. 
   
   
  Byung-Chul Han is one of the most widely read philosophers in Europe today, a member of the new generation of German thinkers that includes Markus Gabriel and Armen Avanessian. In The Agony of Eros, a bestseller in Germany, Han considers the threat to love and desire in today's society. For Han, love requires the courage to accept self-negation for the sake of discovering the Other. In a world of fetishized individualism and technologically mediated social interaction, it is the Other that is eradicated, not the self. In today's increasingly narcissistic society, we have come to look for love and desire within the “inferno of the same.”  
   
   
  Han offers a survey of the threats to Eros, drawing on a wide range of sources—Lars von Trier's film Melancholia, Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Fifty Shades of Grey, Michel Foucault (providing a scathing critique of Foucault's valorization of power), Martin Buber, Hegel, Baudrillard, Flaubert, Barthes, Plato, and others. Han considers the “pornographication” of society, and shows how pornography profanes eros; addresses capitalism's leveling of essential differences; and discusses the politics of eros in today's “burnout society.” To be dead to love, Han argues, is to be dead to thought itself. 
   
   
  Concise in its expression but unsparing in its insight, The Agony of Eros is an important and provocative entry in Han's ongoing analysis of contemporary society. 
   
   
  This remarkable essay, an intellectual experience of the first order, affords one of the best ways to gain full awareness of and join in one of the most pressing struggles of the day: the defense, that is to say—as Rimbaud desired it—the “reinvention” of love. 
   
  —from the foreword by Alain Badiou 
   
   
  This audiobook is skillfully read by Peter Noble, and was produced and published by Echo Point Books & Media, an independent bookseller in Brattleboro, Vermont. Audio engineering by Allie McSwain.

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  City Steps of Pittsburgh - A...

  Laura Zurowski, Charles Succop,...

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  Exploring Pittsburgh's Ups and Downs 
   
  In Pittsburgh, the elevation varies wildly, fluctuating 660 feet from highest to lowest points throughout the area and making it one of the hilliest cities in the United States. Throughout this unruly and physically challenging landscape, the city's first mass transportation system was built—a steadily expanding network of public stairways, locally referred to as city steps, these flights of stairs are a throwback to a very different time in history and a very different Pittsburgh. Authors Laura Zurowski, Charles Succop, and Matthew Jacob present the history of the Steel City steps and a walking guide to their scenic locations today.

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  The Mythical Underworld -...

  Odessa Nightshade

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  The concept of the underworld has been a central theme in mythology and religious traditions across cultures and centuries. It is a realm shrouded in mystery, often depicted as the final destination of souls after death. Whether seen as a place of judgment, purification, or eternal rest, the underworld reflects humanity’s deep curiosity and fear about what lies beyond life. From the Greek Hades to the Egyptian Duat, these mythical realms offer insight into the values, beliefs, and spiritual practices of ancient civilizations. While each culture envisions the underworld differently, common themes emerge, such as the presence of a ruler of the dead, trials for the soul, and pathways leading to different fates.  
    
  Death and the afterlife have always been significant concerns for humankind, shaping rituals, moral codes, and philosophical ideas. The question of what happens after death has inspired countless myths, each attempting to explain the mysteries of existence. For some, the underworld is a dark and terrifying place filled with suffering, while for others, it is a peaceful domain where the dead find rest. In many traditions, the journey to the underworld is not simply an end but a transition, offering the possibility of rebirth, redemption, or transformation. These beliefs influenced burial customs, from the elaborate tombs of Egyptian pharaohs to the Norse practice of ship burials, each designed to prepare the deceased for the next stage of existence.  
    
  The underworld also plays a crucial role in religious and moral systems, reinforcing the idea of divine justice. Many myths describe a system where souls are judged based on their deeds in life, determining whether they receive reward or punishment. The Greek underworld, for instance, separates the virtuous from the wicked, assigning them to Elysium or Tartarus.

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  Mesoamerican Warfare: The...

  Editors Charles River

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  Throughout history, warfare has played an important role in the development of many cultures around the world, and Mesoamerica is no exception. As J.M. Francis and T.M. Leonard noted, “The history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica was one of violence, though no more so than that of any other region of the ancient world. It was a universe of shifting alliances and mutual antagonisms, in which increasingly strong political entities forged themselves and then broke apart.” 
  	Of course, the history of warfare in Mesoamerica is a long one, tracing its origins back to the Preclassic period with the Olmecs, who were the first group to expand their influence. There is clear evidence they had a military development, but it seems to have been mainly focused on protecting their trade networks instead of on conquest. After the Olmecs, Teotihuacan rose as the first main center of military expansion during the Classic period, extending its influence across Mesoamerican territory. After its collapse, the vacuum of power created an unstable period, and new expanding polities emerged, including Cacaxtla, Xochicalco, and Tula. They became important regional centers that took control of most of central Mesoamerica through the use of military interventions. After their decline, during the Postclassic period, the Aztecs eventually emerged as the dominant empire in Mesoamerica and continued expanding their control and influence until the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. 
  	Perhaps not surprisingly, there are many misconceptions about Prehispanic warfare, so it is important to keep in mind that military conflicts in Mesoamerica were greatly diverse and cannot be summarized by simply analyzing Aztec militarism.

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