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  Animals and the Greco-Roman...

  Editors Charles River

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  There were approximately 1,500 Greek city-states (poleis) in the Classical era, and sacrifices featured in every one of them. As such, animals were constantly involved in the core elements of Greek society and cults, and this centrality could be found in the numerous depictions of animals on coins and vases throughout Greece and Greek colonies. Greek thinkers and philosophers also endlessly debated issues relating to animals, which resulted in the Greeks acquiring formidable knowledge about the creatures with whom they came in contact. All the while, animals were important sources of food, companionship, and labor, and they also featured significantly in warfare. 
  Another use for foreign animals was in the preparation of medicines. Animals captured during military conflicts were considered spoils of war, suggesting their status was that of an object. On the other hand, reflecting the Greek ambiguity and ambivalence toward their status, various philosophical debates of the time indicate that animals could also be prosecuted for committing crimes and punished accordingly. It is also apparent that ancient Greeks knew a considerable amount about their animals, as various written works that survived often reflected the ethical and scientific debates surrounding them. 
  Other than the tale of the she-wolf with Romulus and Remus, the overriding images and stories of Roman animals that have come down through popular culture to modern times largely concern the vicious animal fights put on in the Colosseum, stories of Christians being thrown to the lions, and Hannibal's invasion of Italy with elephants. Indeed, the widely accepted view is that Romans were uncommonly brutal to their animals and had little empathy for them, and in terms of the Romans' scientific knowledge about animals, it appears much of it came to them from the Greeks.

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  Summary of Beyond Order - 12...

  Brooks Bryant

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  DISCLAIMER: THIS IS NOT THE OFFICIAL BOOK. 
  This is a summary, & it does not accompany the official 
  In "Beyond Order" by Jordan B. Peterson, the acclaimed clinical psychologist and professor follows up on the success of his previous book, "12 Rules for Life," by presenting an additional 12 principles aimed at helping readers navigate the complexities of life. Peterson addresses the growing tendency of the human will to exert control over every aspect of existence, warning against the dangers of excessive security. He offers strategies to counteract cultural, scientific, and psychological forces pushing society toward tyranny. Instead, he encourages readers to tap into their instinctual capacity to find meaning and purpose, particularly in moments of powerlessness. 
  While an overabundance of chaos can lead to instability and anxiety, unchecked order can stifle individuality and submission. "Beyond Order" serves as a guide to striking a balance between these two fundamental aspects of reality, providing a path toward a more meaningful and fulfilling life. Jordan B. Peterson's book invites readers to explore the delicate equilibrium between order and chaos in the pursuit of personal growth and well-being.

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  Mughal Empire - The Early Modern...

  Kelly Mass

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  The Mughal Empire, also referred to as the Mogul or Moghul Empire, was one of the most powerful and influential early modern Islamic empires in South Asia. Established in the 16th century, it controlled vast regions for over two centuries, encompassing territories from the peripheries of the Indus basin in the west, extending to northern Afghanistan, Kashmir in the north, present-day Bangladesh in the east, and stretching as far south as the Deccan Plateau's uplands.The origins of the Mughal Empire trace back to 1526 when Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is now Uzbekistan, founded the empire. Babur's military strategy combined traditional cavalry tactics with the latest artillery techniques, using matchlock guns and cast cannons acquired with Ottoman assistance. These advancements, alongside his strategic acumen, led him to a decisive victory against the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi, at the First Battle of Panipat. This battle marked a turning point, allowing Babur to establish his dominance over northern India and subdue rival Rajput and Afghan forces.While Babur laid the foundation of the empire, the true structure of the Mughal state is often attributed to his grandson, Akbar the Great. By the late 16th century, under Akbar's rule, the empire expanded its reach and established a well-organized imperial administration that laid the groundwork for political stability, cultural integration, and economic prosperity. Akbar's reign is particularly noted for promoting a policy of religious tolerance, encouraging a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim cultures, and setting up an efficient centralized bureaucracy.

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  China Japan and the USA

  John Dewey

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  "China, Japan, and the U.S.A." by John Dewey is a compelling exploration of the complex interplay between these three influential nations in the early 20th century. With keen insight and intellectual rigor, Dewey delves into the political, cultural, and philosophical dynamics that shaped their interactions and the global landscape. Drawing upon his extensive knowledge of history, Dewey meticulously examines the evolving relationships between China, Japan, and the United States during a pivotal era of transformation. He skillfully navigates the intricate threads of diplomacy, economic development, and cultural exchange, offering a nuanced understanding of the forces at play. Read in English, unabridged.

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  Notorious Memphis Gangster Diggs...

  Mr. Patrick O'Daniel

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  The Memphis Underworld King   Diggs Nolen's name was the byword for crime in 1920s Memphis. As a child, he dreamed of becoming a swashbuckling outlaw. He turned his back on a promising career, his family and consorted with the worst elements of society. Under the tutelage of train robber Frank Holloway, Nolen became a notorious con artist. Later, he and his gun-slinging wife built an empire out of selling narcotics and trafficking stolen goods. Law enforcement caught Nolen, but they could not hold him. Nolen escaped from Leavenworth Prison, led the largest jailbreak in Memphis history and confounded prosecutors with legal wranglings. Author Patrick O'Daniel details Nolen's quixotic quest for criminal fame that earned him the title King of the Memphis Underworld.

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  Fool - In Search of Henry VIII's...

  Peter K. Andersson

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  In some portraits of Henry VIII there appears another figure—a gaunt and morose-looking man with a shaved head. This is William or "Will" Somer, the king's fool, a celebrated wit who reportedly could raise Henry's spirits and spent many hours with him. Was Somer an "artificial fool," a cunning comic who could speak freely in front of the king, or a "natural fool," someone with intellectual disabilities, like many other members of the profession? Fool is the first biography of Somer—and perhaps the first of a Renaissance fool. 
   
   
   
  After his death, Somer disappeared, and historians struggled to separate myth from reality. Unearthing as many facts as possible, Peter K. Andersson pieces together the fullest picture yet of an enigmatic and unusual man with a strange job. Somer's story provides new insights into how fools lived and what they did for a living, how monarchs and courtiers related to commoners and people with disabilities, and whether aspects of the Renaissance fool live on in the modern comedian. But most of all, we learn how a commoner without property or education managed to become the court's chief mascot and a continuous presence at the center of Tudor power. 
   
   
   
  Fool reveals a little-known world, surprising and disturbing, when comedy was something crueler and more unpleasant than we like to think.

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