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  Tokugawa Shogunate - Peace...

  Rolf Hedger

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  The Tokugawa Shogunate, also known as the Edo period (1603–1868), was a time of unprecedented peace and stability in Japan, following centuries of war and political fragmentation. This era began with the victory of Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, a decisive conflict that allowed him to consolidate power over the warring daimyo. Three years later, in 1603, he was granted the title of shogun by the emperor, officially marking the beginning of Tokugawa rule. 
  Ieyasu’s triumph at Sekigahara was not merely a military success but also a demonstration of his strategic brilliance and political foresight. By carefully forging alliances and exploiting rivalries among the daimyo, he ensured that his Tokugawa clan would emerge as the dominant force in Japan. Once in power, Ieyasu took immediate steps to secure his family’s hold over the nation. He redistributed land among the daimyo, rewarding loyal vassals and weakening potential threats. This reorganization of landholdings laid the foundation for the centralized feudal system that would define the Tokugawa era. 
  Although Ieyasu formally retired in 1605, passing the title of shogun to his son Tokugawa Hidetada, he continued to wield significant influence from behind the scenes. His retirement was a strategic move designed to solidify the legitimacy of hereditary succession, ensuring that the Tokugawa family would maintain control for generations. This transition of power set a precedent for stability, preventing the kind of succession disputes that had plagued previous shogunates.

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  Brahma Vishnu Shiva - The Yogic...

  Sripad Jagannatha Dasa

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  Brahma is the controller of nature in the mode of passion; he is the engineer who creates the universe. Every universe has its Brahma, who appears as the first created being in it. Although Brahma is usually in the category of the jiva soul, he is designated an avatar (incarnation) of Krishna because he is especially empowered with Krishna’s own creative potency. Using the ingredients furnished by Krishna and following Krishna’s blueprints, Brahma constructs the material universe, and then he begets the offspring, called Prajapatis, whose descendants populate all the planets. 
   
  Vishnu, who controls nature in the mode of goodness and sustains the creation, is directly the Supreme Lord. In the spiritual kingdom of God, where everything is everlasting, the quality of goodness exists without either passion or ignorance. Therefore it is appropriate that Vishnu personally controls this quality even in the material world, where it becomes bracketed by ignorance and passion. 
    
  Shiva, the lord of the mode of ignorance, devastates the universe at the end by his wild, all-annihilating dance. Shiva is a personal expansion of Krishna, not a jiva. Yet, because he comes into intimate contact with the quality of ignorance and with matter (which is innately ignorant), you cannot receive the same spiritual restoration by worshiping him that you do by worshiping Krishna or Vishnu. Shiva is therefore given his own category, shiva-tattva. Learn all about the sacred trinity of yogic lore. 
   
  The Sri Brama-samhita is a collection of prayers by Brahma at the beginning of material creation after the Supreme Person Krishna gave Brahma a divine vision of the spiritual world. Brama, in his amazement, speaks volumes of divinely inspired praise before beginning his work of creation. Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu acquired the Fifth Chapter of the Brama-Samhita from the Adi-Keshava temple in South India. 

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  The Promise of Youth...

  Kevin Lawrence Henry Jr., Kevin...

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  When inclusion into the fold of citizenship is conditioned by a social group's conceit to ritual violence, humiliation, and exploitation, what can anti-citizenship offer us? 
   
    
   
  The Promise of Youth Anti-citizenship argues that Black youth and youth of color have been cast as anti-citizens, disenfranchised from the social, political, and economic mainstream of American life. Instead of asking youth to conform to a larger societal structure undergirded by racial capitalism and antiblackness, the volume's contributors propose that the collective practice of anti-citizenship opens up a liberatory space for youth to challenge the social order. 
   
   
   
  The chapters cover an array of topics, including Black youth in the charter school experiment in post-Katrina New Orleans; racial capitalism, the queering of ethnicity, and the 1980s Salvadoran migration to South Central Los Angeles; the notion of decolonizing classrooms through Palestinian liberation narratives; and more. Through a range of methodological approaches and conceptual interventions, this collection illuminates how youth negotiate and exercise anti-citizenship as forms of either resistance or refusal in response to coercive patriotism, cultural imperialism, and predatory capitalism.

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  Bagavad Gita in Tamil - Chapter...

  viyasar

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  The Bhagavad Gita is a 700-verse Hindu scripture embedded within the epic Mahabharata, depicting a dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Arjuna, facing his relatives in battle, experiences despair and a crisis of conscience. Krishna, his charioteer and an avatar of Vishnu, provides philosophical and spiritual guidance, addressing themes of duty (dharma), action (karma), devotion (bhakti), and knowledge (jnana). The Gita explores the nature of the self, the divine, and humanity's place in the world, offering paths to liberation and spiritual fulfillment. 

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  The Era of Revolution - 1775-1796

  George Washington, Maximilien de...

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  Six speeches about freedom and revolution from the American, French and Irish revolutions.The first two speeches are from the American Revolutionary war (1775-1783). Patrick Henry’s “Give me Liberty or give me death” is recognized even today, two centuries since Henry spoke at the Second Virginia Convention to an audience including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. The speech is credited with providing troops from Virginia for the revolutionary war.In the Newburgh Address, Washington and implores his army to put their faith in him. A mutiny was proposed because Congress has not paid them as promised. Washington needed to make clear to his generals that there was no option to surrender or turn away to unsettled lands, and that he was with them and on their side in the thick of both war and politics.Next is William Wilberforce’s Abolition Speech to the British parliament in 1789, the apex of a campaign that led to slavery being outlawed across the British Empire.Speeches from the French revolution then follow. First, there is the reaction from the aristocracy in England; a valediction from Edmund Burke, an MP in the British Parliament, on the beauty of Marie Antoinette and his sadness at her passing.Four speeches follow by Maximilien de Robespierre, a foundational member of the French Revolution, who laid down the political philosophy of liberty and the moral law over divinity and customary law. The speeches are filled with a passion for direct democracy and the rule of the people, not the elites.The volume ends with a more measured, but no less impassioned, address by the Irish lawyer and statesman John Curran. It was given in Curran’s defence of Archibald Rowan, who was sentenced to transportation to Australia for his treasonous activities fighting for Irish independence. While unsuccessful, this rallying cry for genuine self-determination and free speech captures the heart of the conflicts that defined the era.

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  The Marauders - Standing Up to...

  Patrick Strickland

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  This real-life Western tells the story of how citizens in a small Arizona border town stood up to anti-immigrant militias and vigilantes. 
   
   
   
  The Marauders uncovers the riveting nonfiction saga of far-right militias terrorizing the border towns of southern Arizona. In one of the towns profiled, Arivaca, rogue militia members killed a man and his nine-year-old daughter in 2009. In response, the residents organized and spent two years trying to push  the new militias out through boycotts and by urging local businesses to  ban  them. The militias and vigilante groups again raised the stakes, spreading Pizzagate-style conspiracy theories alleging that town residents were complicit in child sex trafficking, prompting fears of vigilante violence. 
   
    
   
  The Marauders flips the standard formula most often applied to stories about immigration and the far right. Too often those stories are told from the perspective of the ones committing the violence. While Strickland doesn't shy away from exploring those dark themes, the far right are not the protagonists of the book. Rather, the people targeted by hate groups, and the individuals who rose up to stop them in their tracks, are the heroes of this dramatic story.

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