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  Start of the French Revolution...

  Editors Charles River

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  As one of the seminal social revolutions in human history, the French Revolution holds a unique legacy, especially in the West. The early years of the Revolution were fueled by Enlightenment ideals, seeking the social overthrow of the caste system that gave the royalty and aristocracy decisive advantages over the lower classes. But history remembers the French Revolution in a starkly different way, as the same leaders who sought a more democratic system while out of power devolved into establishing an incredibly repressive tyranny of their own once they acquired it.  
  	The French Revolution was a turbulent period that lasted several years, and one of the most famous events of the entire revolution came near the beginning with the Tennis Court Oath. By July of 1788, King Louis XVI agreed to call the Estates-General, a large, traditional legislative body, for the first time since 1614. The country's finances, already quite tenuous, reached a crisis stage in August 1788 as France faced bankruptcy.  
  	In the spring of 1789, Louis XVI summoned the Estates-General. They were to convene at Versailles on April 27, but did not do so until May 5. Late elections continued into the summer as conditions around the country delayed many elections. At the same time, bread prices reached an all-time high, leading to riots throughout the country, particularly in Paris. During the formal ritual that welcomed the Estates-General on May 4, 1789, in a precursor of things to come in the following months, the Third Estate refused to kneel before the king. The deputies of the Third Estate came before the king, walking two at a time, and bowed before Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Not surprisingly, those witnessing the parade of the Estates-General had hoped for reform but came to expect that the Estates-General would serve as a tool of the administration. Instead, the start of the French Revolution would soon follow.

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  Review of Adolf Hitler's "Mein...

  George Orwell

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  "Review of Adolph Hitler's 'Mein Kampf'" is an essay of George Orwell. "Mein Kampf" ("My Struggle" or "My Fight") is a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of "Mein Kampf" was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. The book was edited first by Emil Maurice, then by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess.

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  African American Women's...

  Sandra Llopart Babot

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  This volume brings forward a descriptive approach to the translation and reception of African American women's literature in Spain. Drawing from a multidisciplinary theoretical and methodological framework, it traces the translation history of literature produced by African American women, seeking to uncover changing strategies in translation policies as well as shifts in interests in the target context, and it examines the topicality of this cohort of authors as frames of reference for Spanish critics and reviewers. Likewise, the reception of the source literature in the Spanish context is described by reconstructing the values that underlie judgements in different reception sources. Finally, this book addresses the specific problem of the translation of Black English into Spanish. More precisely, it pays attention to the ideological and the ethical implications of translation choices and the effect of the latter on the reception of literary texts.

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  Lions and Foxes - The Commanders...

  Quentin Drummond Anderson

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  Lions and Foxes: The Commanders Who Shaped the Second World War By Quentin Drummond Anderson 
  History is told in sweeping movements of armies and nations — but wars are shaped by people. Lions and Foxes goes behind the battle maps to explore the minds that decided the twentieth century's defining conflict. 
  From the deserts of North Africa to the jungles of Burma, from the Kremlin's shadow to the war rooms of Washington and London, this book examines the commanders who turned strategy into history. Some were lions — courageous and relentless. Others were foxes — calculating and morally ambiguous. Together, they forged the war's tragic genius. 
  Drawing on extensive archival research, Quentin Drummond Anderson reveals the psychology and contradictions of men who commanded millions: Erich von Manstein, the tragic strategist who served brilliance in the cause of evil; Erwin Rommel, whose charisma built the myth of the "Good German"; Douglas MacArthur, the theatrical American Caesar; Georgy Zhukov, Stalin's iron marshal; Bernard Montgomery, whose certainty was both strength and curse; and Orde Wingate, the eccentric prophet whose theology of war still echoes through modern special forces doctrine. 
  This is not another list of generals and battles — it is a study of how men thought, decided, and endured. It shows why Montgomery and Slim succeeded where others faltered, why Eisenhower's diplomacy mattered as much as his tactics, why Kesselring's charm masked atrocity, and why Wingate's visionary madness helped shape modern special operations. 
  A lifelong student of military command, drawing on decades of research in British, American, German, Soviet, and Japanese archives, Anderson balances admiration for tactical brilliance with an unflinching look at moral failure — asking whether greatness in war can ever be separated from the destruction it unleashes. 
  Beautifully written and meticulously researched, Lions and Foxes stands alongside works by Antony Beevor and Max Hastings,

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  The Feeling of Forgetting -...

  John Corrigan

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  A provocative examination of how religious practices of forgetting drive white Christian nationalism. 
    
  The dual traumas of colonialism and slavery are still felt by Native Americans and African Americans as victims of ongoing violence toward people of color today. In The Feeling of Forgetting, John Corrigan calls attention to the trauma experienced by white Americans as perpetrators of this violence. By tracing memory’s role in American Christianity, Corrigan shows how contemporary white Christian nationalism is motivated by a widespread effort to forget the role race plays in American society. White trauma, Corrigan argues, courses through American culture like an underground river that sometimes bursts forth into brutality, terrorism, and insurrection. Tracing the river to its source is a necessary first step toward healing.

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  Tyrannosaurus Rex and...

  Editors Charles River

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  The massively popular 1990 novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton and its subsequent movie adaptations led to a huge resurgence in interest in dinosaurs and the prehistoric world. That interest continues to the present day, even though most of the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park weren’t actually from the Jurassic period. Triceratops, Velociraptor, Tyrannosaurus Rex and the huge sauropods such as Brachiosaurus that feature in the book and movies all actually belong to the Late Cretaceous period, more than 40 million years after the end of the Jurassic. Regardless, certain kinds of dinosaurs remain instantly recognizable, and among them, the “king” is undoubtedly the Tyrannosaurus.  
  The first discovery of a Tyrannosaurus was made in 1902 and the largest carnivorous dinosaur ever found at the time quickly gripped the popular imagination. Even its name was dramatic - Tyrannosaurus Rex means “King of the Tyrant Lizards.” The T-Rex as it quickly became known didn’t appear until the last age of the Late Cretaceous period, the Maastrichtian, but when it did, it was the biggest and most terrifying of all the theropod predators.  
  	Thanks to the movie, there has been some unwitting confusion over the identity of the Velociraptor, and this confusion was due in large part to the fact the name sounds far more scary than the creature to which the name originally belonged. Moreover, the creature to which the label was applied in the novel and movie was actually a distant cousin named Deinonychus, but as the story goes, the author, Michael Crichton, thought “Velociraptor” sounded “more dramatic.” The actual Velociraptor lived not in the badlands of North America, but in the badlands of central-eastern Asia, and it was not nearly as intimidating as Deinonychus. In fact, the main species of genus Velociraptor - Velociraptor mongoliensis - was no bigger than a turkey.

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