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  Germanic Tribes in Antiquity...

  Editors Charles River

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  Despite all the accomplishments and widespread victories and conquests that the ancient Romans accrued over the centuries, one of their most critical failures was the inability to subjugate Germany. Indeed, historians have singled out this one failure as central to the ultimate downfall of Rome, as the constant wars against the Germanic tribes and the need to defend the frontier on the Rhine helped bring the Roman Empire to its knees. 
  There are elements of truth in such a conclusion, but the reality was far more fluid than is often realized. From the 1st century BCE until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE, the relationships between the Romans and those living in what is now modern Germany were extremely complicated, involving much more than simple warfare. As a Roman territory, Germania at one point included significant areas of land east of the Rhine, all the way up to the Elbe. The Romans would maintain a significant force on this eastern side until the 3rd century CE, but eventually a Frankish invasion ended that presence, and the term Germania came to refer specifically to the territory west of the Rhine, which included the two provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, or Upper and Lower Germany. Those provinces were key to the defense of the empire, so much so that Triers provided the location of one of the four seats of government near the end of Rome’s reign. 
  The people that came to be known as Germans originally came from Scandinavia and were mainly shepherds and hunters, but they comprised a number of distinct groups. Within each group, there were separate tribes, and as their populations grew, the land they occupied in Scandinavia was unable to support them, so they began migrating south, settling outside the borders of the Roman Empire. The Germans were fierce warriors who employed rather crude but effective tactics in battle.

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  Aakhri Hadi e Kainat - Imam...

  Irshad Alasar Jafferi

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  "Aakhri Hadi e Kainat" by Irshad Alasar Jafferi is a captivating exploration of the life and imminent arrival of Imam Mehdi, a central figure in Islamic eschatology. Through meticulous research and profound insight, Jafferi presents a vivid portrayal of Imam Mehdi's birth, upbringing, and spiritual journey. Delving into historical events and prophetic traditions, the book offers readers a nuanced understanding of the environment in which Imam Mehdi emerged. 
  Beyond mere biographical documentation, "Aakhri Hadi e Kainat" delves into the theological and spiritual dimensions associated with Imam Mehdi's awaited manifestation. It explores his role as a guide, a reformer, and a harbinger of justice in the prophesied end times, providing profound insights into his teachings and the transformative power of his imminent return. 
  This book serves as a beacon of enlightenment for believers seeking a deeper understanding of Imam Mehdi's mission and its relevance in contemporary times. Jafferi's meticulous attention to detail and insightful interpretation of Islamic texts make "Aakhri Hadi e Kainat" an indispensable resource for scholars, students, and spiritual seekers alike. 
  In essence, "Aakhri Hadi e Kainat" offers a profound insight into the life, teachings, and imminent arrival of Imam Mehdi, making it a must-read for anyone interested in exploring the spiritual dimensions of Islamic eschatology and the enduring significance of Imam Mehdi in the Islamic tradition.

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  Five Major Reasons Africa is...

  Rev Walter Mwambazi

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  Africa is one of the oldest continents but hasn’t it struck you as absolutely odd how a continent endowed with such wealth in terms of both ground resource as well as human resource, unbelievably great weather and wonderful soil can have such unbelievably high levels of poverty? It is nothing short of preposterous. 
  What makes this worse for is the fact that 58 years later, Africa still grapples with so much challenges that make you wonder why it has taken us so long as a people to be emancipated in every way. 
  In 1963, on 1st May, leaders from all across free and colonized Africa gathered in Addis Ababa with a dream of seeing the African continent become one giant regional power. It has not happened yet – but however that does not take away the yearning every son and daughter of the soil has to see Pan Africanism materialize. 
  The purpose for this narrative by the author in this particular book is to add his voice and help ignite any smoldering rubble of broken dreams and disenchantment back to a blazing flame. 
  It is Mwambazi’s opinion that Africa has everything it needs to become the economic engine of the entire world and can and will surpass both the West and the East should its citizens awaken to their true potential. 
  Now here is the enigma, AFRICA DOESN’T NEED THE REST OF THE WORLD TO SURVIVE BUT THE WORLD NEEDS AFRICA TO SURVIVE. I believe the Second African Renaissance is upon us, but it will take A COLLECTIVE AWAKENING OF THE GIANT’S INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS – ITS PEOPLE!

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  Columbia Disaster The: The...

  Editors Charles River

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  On February 1, the Columbia was due to land at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 09:16. Only a few members of the press were present to watch the landing - this was, after all, supposed to be a routine return from a routine mission, the 113th for the shuttle program and the 28th for Columbia, one of the oldest Space Shuttles. 
  Reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere is always the most dangerous part of any space mission. The intense heat generated as a spacecraft enters the thin upper atmosphere at immense speed can be potentially lethal, but the shuttle was designed to deal with this heat, and Columbia had successfully done it 27 times in the past. For the five men and two women on board and the members of the press present, everything seemed normal, but there was a measure of concern among those in the ground control team. The team was aware that Columbia had possibly suffered damage to the thermal tiles forming the heat shield on one wing soon after liftoff, but no one knew how extensive the damage was or even if it existed at all. There was also some disagreement about how serious it might be - some on the ground were concerned this might compromise the shuttle wing’s ability to resist the heat of reentry, while others were sure it was a minor issue that would have no serious impact on the mission. Videos of the launch had been exhaustively reviewed by engineers on the ground, but it was impossible to be certain of the precise level of damage to the heat shielding on the underside and leading edge of the wing.  
  There was no agreement on what should or could be done, so one thing was universally agreed upon: the crew would not be informed of the problem. There was nothing they could do to make repairs and no way to avoid reentry. 

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  Creating a Culture of Repair -...

  Robert Turner, Liz Theoharis

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  Many people are aware of the injustices Black Americans have suffered over the centuries but feel powerless when it comes to repairing the harm done. 
   
   
   
  The inequality remains even after laws and policies have been corrected. Calculating and implementing financial reparations will require large-scale government action, which can feel out of reach or overwhelming for the average person. Robert Turner provides an accessible guide for individuals and groups wanting to influence significant institutional action while also acting on their own to repair the effects of racial injustice in our communities, churches, and spheres of influence. Dividing into categories of individual, social, institutional, and spiritual repair, Turner offers the longest list of reparations currently published, with more than one hundred actions listeners can begin practicing and advocating for to help balance economic injustice, undo hurtful decisions from decades past, and rally public support for bold and principled legislation.

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  Democratic Delusions - How the...

  Natalie Fenton

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  A free media is inextricably linked to a healthy democracy, but in many parts of the world liberal democracies are deemed to be dying or on the demise—a demise that many forms of media have enabled while heralding themselves as democracy's savior. The hollowing out of democracy in these ways has left many people questioning the value of (neo)liberal democratic societies. What can we do about it? 
   
      
    
  Democratic Delusions explores the potential of our media and tech systems to be democratic and contribute to a just and transformative democracy. This is only possible, Natalie Fenton argues, by first situating our political systems and mediated worlds within global capitalism. By interrogating different media and their relationship to seven key elements of democracy—power, participation, freedom, equality, public good, trust, and hope—the book asks: What is the response of society when the ability of news media to speak truth to power has been restricted by corporate logic? And, how do we tackle a deep-rooted market logic that shifts public debate towards private interest and marginalizes progressive perspectives? The book explores how these elements can be reimagined through newly conceived media and tech landscapes and, ultimately, what democracy might be in a future mediated world that places more power in the hands of more people.

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