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  Younger Dryas Period The: The...

  Editors Charles River

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  From about 12,900 to 11,700 before present (BP), near Ice Age conditions returned to the Northern Hemisphere of the planet. It was a sudden shift from the warm temperatures that had prevailed for nearly 2,000 years. This period is referred to by archaeologists, geologists, and earth scientists as the Greenland Stadial, but it is more commonly known as the Younger Dryas. The Younger Dryas marked the end of the last glacial period, the end of the Pleistocene Era, and the beginning of the Holocene Era, which is the current era. It was a period of great change, when climate change happened quite quickly, directly affecting the flora, fauna, and humans of the Northern Hemisphere in the process. The impact on the human populations was perhaps most important because, in some places, it virtually destroyed emerging cultures, while in other places, it might have propelled humans to develop new survival traits and technologies later used to move humanity into the Neolithic era. Although scholars now know quite a bit about the Younger Dryas, many elements of it are still debated. Other aspects serve as a predictor of what humans can expect in the future. 
  	There is, however, still plenty of information about the Younger Dryas that remains unknown or open to debate. Not all scholars agree on the dates of the Younger Dryas or how long it lasted. Even more controversial are the alternate theories about what caused the Younger Dryas and the effect it had on the Northern Hemisphere’s bio-populations. This book examines the background of the Younger Dryas, its effects on bio-populations, and how it contributed to the emergence of the Neolithic Era. Alternative theories will be examined and compared to more standard ideas currently prevailing in academia.

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  Göbekli Tepe: The History and...

  Editors Charles River

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  The Neolithic period came before the Bronze Age and is generally regarded as the final subdivision of the Stone Age. During this time, communities domesticated plants and certain animals but still relied on hunting and gathering to a considerable extent, and beginning sometime around 7000 BCE, handmade pottery was developed, along with more advanced stone axes that enabled people to clear vast forests. Thanks to tools like that, the sizes of these Neolithic communities ranged from thousands to as few as a hundred, and they spread across the world with a variety of cultures and languages. One aspect these cultures had in common was that they relied on similar tools made of stone, wood, and bone. 
  Despite the fact some Neolithic communities grew to considerable sizes, they’re typically not considered when people think of the first ancient civilizations or the first major cities, so when German archaeologists discovered the archaeological site of Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey in the 1990s, it created an academic firestorm that is still raging. Far from being just another settlement, Göbekli Tepe has been described as the world’s first temple and perhaps one of the locations where human civilization began. Subsequent archaeological work at Göbekli Tepe has revealed that the site was a spiritual center for the local population during a time when humans were undergoing a transition as hunter-gatherers in the Paleolithic Period to a more sedentary lifestyle in the Neolithic Period, more than 10,000 years ago. Further research in the disciplines of anthropology, religion, and history indicate that the activity at Göbekli Tepe subsequently set the tone for elements of Neolithic and Bronze Age religion and ideology in the Near East, especially in Anatolia (roughly equivalent with modern Turkey).

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  Summary: Cynical Theories - How...

  Brooks Bryant

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  Disclaimer: This is NOT the official book. This is a Summary Book & it does NOT accompany the official book. 
  In our compelling summary, we distill the critical insights from Pluckrose and Lindsay's rigorous investigation into this often-radical activist scholarship. Highlighting the inconsistencies and illiberal ethics of these theories, we underscore the need for a thorough understanding of their origins and evolution to effectively challenge their influence in academia, culture, and beyond. 
  Our summary of "Cynical Theories" presents a complex network of ideologies in an accessible and digestible manner. This book is not just an exploration of the evolution of contemporary thought but a call to action for those who value science, reason, and consistently liberal ethics to question and challenge the spread of this potentially harmful orthodoxy. Step into our summary and arm yourself with the knowledge needed to navigate and confront the ideological challenges of the modern world.

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  Inca Mythology - Sacred Legends...

  Matthew Fillard

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  The Inca Empire, at its zenith, spanned much of South America, including present-day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina. Known for its advanced architecture, agricultural systems, and administrative organization, the Inca civilization also possessed a deeply spiritual culture. Central to their worldview was a rich tapestry of mythology that explained the creation of the world, the origins of humankind, and the roles of the gods in the natural and spiritual realms. These sacred legends were not just stories; they were the very foundation upon which the Inca society was built, shaping everything from daily rituals to the governance of the empire.  
  Inca mythology was intricately connected to the natural world, with gods and deities representing various elements of the environment, such as the sun, the moon, the earth, and water. The Inca people believed that these deities were not distant, abstract beings but rather active forces that influenced their lives. The most important gods were thought to have a direct relationship with the ruler, often considered to be divine or descended from these gods. As such, the Inca king, or Sapa Inca, was revered as the son of the sun god, Inti, and his authority was considered sacred.  
  The role of mythology extended beyond the divine and into the social and political spheres. It was through myth that the Inca legitimized their rule, connected their empire to the divine order, and reinforced the unity of their vast territories. Legends of the first rulers, such as Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo, were tied to creation myths that depicted them as divine figures sent to bring civilization to the world. These stories were used to justify Inca conquests and to explain the hierarchical structure of society. 

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  Megalithic Temples of Malta The:...

  Editors Charles River

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  Malta’s history goes back further than many know, which can be attested to by the numerous Neolithic and Bronze Age era megaliths that dot the island of Malta proper as well as the island of Gozo to the north. Naturally, when European archaeologists began unearthing the megaliths of Malta in the 19th century, they did not know what to think, which led to a plethora of theories, many of them quite fantastic. At least 23 of these temples were uncovered, but because the people who built them lacked the knowledge of writing, speculation over who built them and why remained well into the 20th century (Rountree 2003, 26). Some people theorized that the Malta megaliths were built by a race of giants, while others believed that it was the center of a “Mother Earth” cult that later spread through Neolithic Europe.  
  Early archaeologists were also perplexed about the physical origins of the Maltese megalith builders. Because Malta is such an isolated location, the builders had to have migrated there from elsewhere, but debates raged over the location. Equally confusing was when the megaliths were built. Although most legitimate historians believed from an early time that they were Neolithic structures, some argued that they were built much later and influenced by the Minoans and/or the Mycenaeans.  
  Even as some answers have arrived, scholars still debate the purpose of the megaliths. Although there is a near consensus that they served as religious temples, the deities that were worshiped as well as the rituals carried out in the structures remain a mystery and sources of further debate. As such, the ancient monuments remain enigmatic and serve as sources of pride for the modern Maltese people and awe-inspiring to all those who visit them.

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  Conversational Phrases Czech...

  CzechClass101.com, Innovative...

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  Are you trying to learn Czech…but having trouble speaking?
   
  Do you struggle coming up with your own Czech sentences?
   
  Are you tired of not understanding how Czech grammar works?
   
  
   
  If you answered yes to any of these questions, …
   
  
   
  ...then the Conversational Phrases Audiobook, Level 1 - Absolute Beginner is for you!
   
  
   
  In this beginner-level Audiobook, you will master over 25 common sentence patterns across 25 simple lessons. By the end, you’ll be able to ask common questions and answer them in your own way, all while acquiring over 100 Czech words. 
   
  
   
  Most importantly, you’ll be able to have real conversations in various social situations.
   
  
   
  How, you may ask? Each lesson introduces a new conversation reflecting a real-world situation, including casual chats between friends as well as dialogues in more formal settings. Learning is made easy with three simple steps:
   
  
   
  1. Get familiar: First, you get a sample conversation and its translation.
   
  2. Understand: Then, we explain an underlying sentence pattern, so you can grasp the grammar and actually understand how the Czech works.
   
  3. Practice: Lastly, you create your own responses… and start speaking Czech!
   
  
   
  Lessons in this audiobook include:
   
  - Going Sightseeing
   
  - Going to a Restaurant
   
  - Giving Directions
   
  - Going to the Movies
   
  - Renting an Apartment
   
  And much more!
   
  
   
  Conversational Phrases Audiobook, Level 1 - Absolute Beginner contains:
   
  - 25 Lessons 
   
  - 4 Hours+ of Content
   
  - 1 Core Pattern Per Lesson
   
  - 100+ Czech Vocabulary Words
   
  - 28 Page Accompanying PDF eBook
   
  
   
  Download the PDF and read along

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