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  XENOPHON: Athens vs Sparta - Why...

  Xenophon

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  The Polity of the Lacedaemonians talks about the laws and institutions created by Lycurgus, which train and develop Spartan citizens from birth to old age. It only because of Xenophon that we have most of our knowledge about the Spartans. Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans, and was exiled from Athens which may explain why he is so negative and sarcastic when describing the Athenian democracy. Sparta gave him land and property in Scillus, where he lived for many years before having to move once more, to settle in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.. 
  "But having realised at one time that Sparta, although one of the most sparsely populated of cities, proved to be the most powerful and most renowned city in Greece, I wondered how could this possibly have happened. However, when I perceived the practices of the Spartans, I wondered no longer".  This .is a treatise by the ancient Greek historian Xenophon, describing the institutions, customs, and practices of the ancient Spartans. The work examines the reasons for Sparta's power and renown, despite the city state's sparse population. There are fifteen chapters: the first thirteen enumerate the practices and institutions that made Sparta great; the last two describe Sparta's decline and the survival of its monarchy. The Polity dates to the period between 387 and 375 BC, and is the only contemporary account of the Spartan political system which survives. Together with Plutarch's "Life of Lycurgus", it provides the most detailed surviving description of the Spartan state, and is considered the best source of information about Spartan women during classical antiquity. 
  Xenophon then describes the laws and customs of the city state Athens in the Polity of the Athenians.

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  Key to the City - How Zoning...

  Sara C. Bronin

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  In Key to the City, legal scholar and architect Sara C. Bronin examines how zoning became such a prevailing force and reveals its impact—and its potential for good. Outdated zoning codes have maintained racial segregation, prioritized cars over people, and enabled great ecological harm. But, as Bronin argues, once we recognize the power of zoning, we can harness it to create the communities we desire, and deserve. Drawing on her own experience leading the overhaul of Hartford's zoning code and exploring the efforts of activists and city planners across the country, Bronin shows how new codes are reshaping our cities—from Baltimore to Chicago, Las Vegas to Minneapolis, and beyond. In Boston, a law fought for by a passionate group of organizers, farmers, and beekeepers is transforming the city into a haven for urban farming. In Tucson, zoning codes are mitigating the impacts of climate change and drought-proofing neighborhoods in peril. In Delray Beach, Florida, a new code aims to capture and maintain the town's colorful spirit through its architecture. 
   
   
   
  With clarity and insight, Bronin demystifies the power of an inscrutable organizing force in our lives and invites us to see zoning as a revolutionary vehicle for change. In Key to the City, she puts forward a practical and energizing vision for how we can reimagine our communities.

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  Painters - Background and...

  Kelly Mass

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  This is a compilation of 2 different titles, which are about the following topics: 
  1: There is no doubt that Michelangelo is one of the most influential artists of all time, together with some other Renaissance geniuses such as Leonardo and Rafael. Michelangelo had a vision, a dream, and the talent to carry out those imaginations. His life, in our perspective, is a compilation of great works of art, architecture, sculptures, paintings, and intricate movements, contrast, colors, and anatomy of the human body. Religious and thematic symbolism are intertwined in his frescos and structures. Each year, millions of tourists admire his works. 
    
  Let us learn more about this great artist: What he went through, what he had to put up with, the processes of his artwork, and his own convictions and philosophies that kept him moving forward. 
  2: Vincent van Gogh is undoubtedly one of the most influential painters of the end of the 19th century. His style was unique in that he used all types of colors in a painting that didn’t show those colors in reality and somehow, he still made it work and look like an actual shape. Different from other impressionistic artists, he developed his still lifes, his portraits, and other beautiful paintings. 
    
  An entire museum in Amsterdam is dedicated to the works of Vincent van Gogh. And even though his name is famous now, his life was tough, and he faced many fears, worries, and inner demons. Van Gogh was depressed. According to the narrative, he cut off his own ear, and eventually, he committed suicide at the age of 37. The sad reality that this artist’s success wasn’t evident during his life but only after his death, doesn’t change the fact that he is, nevertheless, a grand success. If only he were alive to see it. 
    
  Let’s discuss the circumstances under which this Dutch painter lived, and what moved him to go into the direction in which he did.

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  Original Method Actors The: The...

  Editors Charles River

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  It would be no exaggeration to say that James Dean has been more mythologized than any other actor in history, a development due more to his off-screen personality and conduct than the films he actually starred in. Much of Dean’s appeal derives from his humble and ordinary origins, and audiences are drawn to the romance of the Indiana farm boy who catapulted to the top of the motion picture industry in a single year — the same year that would see him die. 	Of course, James Dean remains well-known for being anything but humble and ordinary. As famous as his films are, Dean’s story is inextricably tied to his love for racing cars and his death in a high speed car crash.  
  Marlon Brando. Few names in the acting profession evoke such a strong, almost visceral reaction. Over the course of his long, prolific career, he was considered perhaps the greatest actor of the 20th century as well as one of the most complicated and misunderstood. Uniquely able to be both emotionally charged and technically constrained in the same performance, he single-handedly changed the direction of not only the American style of acting, influencing successors such as Robert De Niro, Al Pacino and even Johnny Depp, but the acting profession on a global scale. His iconic interpretations of characters such as Stanley Kowalski (A Streetcar Named Desire), Terry Malloy (On the Waterfront) and Vito Corleone (The Godfather) have been forever burned into the collective memory of film and theatre aficionados, scholars and critics for their immense passion, rage, love, defiance, vulnerability, cruelty and tenderness – basically, the full spectrum of the human condition. With several Oscars and Golden Globes to his name, Brando’s contributions remain the gold standard of the acting craft, and the American Film Institute has listed him as the 4th greatest screen legend in history.  

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  Hidden Portraits - Six Women Who...

  Sue Roe

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  From the New York Times best-selling author of The Private Lives of the Impressionists comes the first account of the women who loved Picasso―and who shaped his work far more than previously acknowledged. 
   
  Fernande Olivier, Olga Khokhlova, Marie-Thérèse Walter, Dora Maar, Françoise Gilot, and Jacqueline Roque. These six extraordinary women shared Pablo Picasso’s life and were instrumental in his career, yet they have long been dismissed as simply passive models or muses. 
   
  In Hidden Portraits, acclaimed author Sue Roe reveals that their lives were―without exception―remarkable. They each pursued their own ambitions in dance, writing, painting, and more. All six overcame significant challenges, including Picasso’s subterfuges and betrayals as well as the wider social turbulence of their time. In bringing them to vivid life, Roe traces the extent to which each influenced Picasso’s work, from his sketches to masterpieces like Guernica. Spanning seventy years, from bohemian early-twentieth-century Montmartre to the glittering Riviera in the 1920s, and from Paris under Nazi occupation to Picasso’s death, and beyond, Hidden Portraits reclaims a set of brilliant women and in the process rewrites a vital chapter in the history of modern art.

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  Mansa Musa and the Empire of...

  P. James Oliver

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  Oliver's well-researched biography of Mansa Musa reads like an exotic tale of gold, glory, and adventure. During his long reign as Mali's emperor, Mansa Musa led his empire into its Golden Age; presided over a spectacular, 60,000 person, 9,000 mile pilgrimage; founded a university in Timbuktu; and helped revolutionize architecture across the Sudan. Oliver does not allow Musa's story to get bogged down in detail by seamlessly weaving a lot of history into his narrative and by supplying curious readers with an extensive description. 
  Many of the African ancestors of today's African-Americans came from West Africa. From 700 -- 1600 A. D., one after the other, three great, black, commercial empires dominated West Africa. They were powerful, prosperous, complex, stable -- and large. At its height, the Empire of Mali was the size of all of Western Europe.

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