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  Sadhana The Realisation of Life...

  Rabindranath Tagore

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  A collection of essays on the Hindu/Buddhist view of humankind's place in the universe. As the author says in his introduction: "in these papers, it may be hoped, western readers will have an opportunity of coming into touch with the ancient spirit of India as revealed in our sacred texts and manifested in the life of to-day."Most of the essays were given as lectures before Harvard University in 1916 or before. (Summary by Peter Yearsley)

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  The Yakuza - History and...

  Kelly Mass

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  The Yakuza were members of large-scale organized criminal syndicates based in Japan, known for their deeply entrenched criminal activities and distinctive cultural identity. Officially referred to as "violent organizations" at the request of Japanese authorities, the Yakuza bear similarities to gangsters or mafia members in the West. Their reputation is tied to strict codes of conduct, an internally hierarchical and feudal structure, and an array of unique ritual practices. Among the most notorious of these customs is *yubitsume*, the ritualistic amputation of part of the left little finger, used as a form of atonement for mistakes or failure within the organization. This physical mark is often a telling sign of membership. Yakuza members were typically described as males in sharp suits, their bodies adorned with elaborate, full-body tattoos, and their hair slicked back in a signature style. They are regarded as one of the most powerful and financially successful criminal groups in the world. 
  At the height of their influence, the Yakuza wielded considerable power both in Japan and internationally. In the early 1960s, police estimates placed the total Yakuza membership at over 200,000 members, a number that has significantly declined in recent decades. The reduction in their ranks can be attributed to a combination of economic shifts and legal reforms that made it increasingly difficult for the Yakuza to operate as they once had. Despite this, the Yakuza remain involved in a wide variety of criminal enterprises today, ranging from drug trafficking to white-collar crime, and continue to instill fear among many Japanese citizens, who view them as a persistent threat to public safety.

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  DW Griffith: The Life and Legacy...

  Charles River Editors

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  He was a pioneering film director who had 518 films to his credit. His work spanned the silent and sound eras. Most of his films were completed in a span of 15 years. But today he is known only for one of his films, one considered by historians to be a landmark in cinema as well as the most controversial ever made. He could not escape the controversy of this one film before he died in relative obscurity, his contributions to the motion picture industry forever marred. 
  The story of D.W. Griffith is one of triumph and tragedy, of a man who almost singlehandedly created the American motion picture industry, but whose prejudices and ego have permanently colored how he is perceived. In 1958, James Agee wrote of Griffith and his time, “This was the only time in movie history that a man of great ability worked freely, in an unspoiled medium, for an unspoiled audience, on a majestic theme which involved all that was, and brought to it, besides his abilities as an inventor and artist, absolute passion, pity, courage, and honesty. He achieved what no other known man has ever achieved. To watch his work is like being witness to the beginning of melody, or the first conscious use of the lever or the wheel, the emergence coordination, and first eloquence of language, the birth of an art, and to realize that this is all the work of one man.” 
  It would be an overstatement to say that D.W. Griffith created Hollywood; but Hollywood would have been quite different without his complicated genius. As historian Richard Griffith put it, “the origins of older arts are lost in prehistory, their creators unknown or barely guessed at,” but for the movies, “we have an almost complete record of the ‘birth of an art.’ The creator of film art was David Wark Griffith.”

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  Spanish Empire - How One of...

  Kelly Mass

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  The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in the late 15th century laid the foundation for what would become the Spanish Empire. Their union created a personal alliance between the two powerful kingdoms, forming the basis for modern Spain. This confederation of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon brought together Iberia's economic and military strength under the House of Trastámara, although the two crowns remained legally distinct. The union proved significant because it enabled them to share governance over various regions and kingdoms, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean. 
  Their reign saw major successes, most notably the Christian reconquest of the Muslim Kingdom of Granada, completed in 1492. This victory not only unified the Iberian Peninsula but also earned Ferdinand and Isabella the title of "Catholic Monarchs," a recognition granted by Pope Alexander VI. While Isabella focused on consolidating power in Iberia, Ferdinand directed his attention toward expanding influence abroad, pursuing military campaigns in North Africa, France, and Italy. 
  Despite their achievements, the concept of "Early Modern Spain" as a coherent political entity can be somewhat misleading. The Habsburg monarchy that succeeded Ferdinand and Isabella was a hybrid structure, with no formal name to describe the territories collectively. During the Early Modern period, the term "Spain" often referred to the entire Iberian Peninsula in a geographical rather than a political sense, reflecting a continuation of medieval traditions.

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  Great Chicago Fire

  Charles Cole Hine

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  Historical information relating the nature, extent, and consequences of The Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the insurance losses, and the relief costs. A brief interlude of comic relief is inserted midway in the form of a poem regarding the event.. - Summary by lubee930

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  Sparking Connections: Exploring...

  Sullivan Ashwick

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  Sparking Connections: Exploring the Intricacies of Desire and Attraction 
  ⭐⭐ Simplified Audio Guide with Explanations Included ⭐⭐ 
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