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  Rise and Fall of the Crusader...

  Charles River Editors

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  Of the many campaigns during the Middle Ages, few are as remarkable or seemingly impossible to win at the start as the First Crusade (1095-99), and the true crowning achievement of that crusade, which resulted in two centuries of Western European Christian states in the Middle East and the permanent firing of the European imagination, was the conquest of Jerusalem on July 15, 1099 after three weeks of siege. That victorious siege came four years after the call for a crusade first went out, and had the Crusaders not taken Jerusalem, the First Crusade would not likely have been followed by any more and the campaign might have been no more than an historical footnote of what could have been.  
  Despite the successful First Crusade, the Crusader States were relatively small and weak, and while they tried to be a bulwark of Christianity in the Holy Land, the Crusader States were reconquered centuries before modern European colonialism began. Nonetheless, the Crusades and the Crusader States galvanized the Christians of Western Europe to expand their world. While it remains unclear how much that world expanded in practical terms such as trade, or how it affected later attitudes during the expansion to the New World and other regions, it definitely engaged the European mind in both positive and negative ways. As such, the crusades soon achieved near-mythic status in the European literature and remain among the most important events of the Middle Ages. 
  At the same time, the Crusader States were not one homogenized region but actually several distinct territories that had their own unique histories and interests. In fact, many of them were founded a century apart, with the Kingdom of Antioch established in 1097 and the Duchy of Cyprus in 1191, and they stretched across the Near East and the Mediterranean. As such, each one had different political, religious, and economic characteristics.

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  Native American People - Native...

  Kelly Mass

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  This book contains 2 books: 
  1 - The Apache are a culturally connected set of Native American tribe in the Southwest United States, including some Native American sub-tribes. 
  The Apache and the Navajo are distant cousins who share the Southern Athabaskan languages. 
  Apache towns can be found in Oklahoma and Texas, and also bookings in Arizona and New Mexico. Apaches have settled across the US and beyond, especially in city parts. Politically independent, the Apache Nations speak a range of dialects and have separate customs. 
  2 - The Pawnee are a Central Plains Indian people that used to live in Nebraska and Kansas, yet now call Oklahoma home. They are now called the Pawnee Country of Oklahoma, and its head offices are at Pawnee, Oklahoma. Their Pawnee language belongs to the Caddoan family, and they're called Chatiks si chatiks, or "Men of Men." 
  The Pawnee used to live in earth lodge towns near the Loup, Republican Politician, and South Platte rivers. Throughout the year, the Pawnee people economy turned between producing crops and buffalo searching.

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  Sumerians - The History of...

  Kelly Mass

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  This book contains 2 topics, which are: 
  1 - Sumerians: The Sumerians were the people from Sumer, the first recognized society in the historic area of southern Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq), developed throughout the 6th and 5th centuries BC throughout the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages. In addition to age-old Egypt, the Caral-Supe culture, the Indus Valley civilization, the Minoan civilization, and age-old China, it is also one of the world's early civilizations. Sumerian farmers who lived along the Tigris and Euphrates valleys grew a great deal of grain and other items, which allowed them to establish metropolitan towns. Before 3000 BC, there was proto-writing. The earliest files date from between 3500 and 3000 BC and are from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr. 
  2 - Hittites: The Hittites were mentioned in the Bible. They were an Anatolian people that contributed to creating a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom between 1750 and 1650 BC, and finally an empire based upon Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. Under uppiluliuma I, the empire reached its peak in the mid-14th century BC, when it ruled over much of Anatolia and areas of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. 
  Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Hattusa Empire, also called the Hittite Empire, defended control of the Near East with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empire, and the Mitanni Empire. The Middle Assyrian Empire ultimately emerged as the dominant power, took much of the Hittite Empire, and ransacked the rest by Phrygian newbies to the area. The Hittites separated into numerous self-governing Syro-Hittite countries around c. 1180 BC, at the time of the Late Bronze Age collapse, some of which stayed till the 8th century BC before giving up to the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

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  Workbook For James Clear's...

  BOOK TIGERS

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  Do you find it difficult to adapt yourself to new habits?  
  Do you think that quitting some habits can be highly challenging?  
  Do you feel you're always willing to change your habits, but you get bored easily, and you return to the start line?  
  No matter how stage of life you're in, there are habits that you need to maintain, and others that you need to quit. The habit formation process is a lifelong thing. That’s why learning how to create your own pattern of habits is one of the most important things you can do for your physical and mental health. 
  With Workbook for James Clear's Atomic Habits by Book Tigers, you’ll discover the right tools to start a remarkable habit formation process as you’ll learn the following: 
  •      Small habits lead to self-improvement in the long run. 
  •      Bad habits can break you the same way how good habits can build your success. 
  •      Minimal changes are insignificant until you reach a critical point in your life. 
  •      Don’t stop, until you get what you want. 
  •      Creating a dependable system of habits to get the results you want. 
  Start your habit formation process now by adding Workbook for Atomic habits to your cart! 
  Disclaimer: This is an UNOFFICIAL Workbook for James Clear's Atomic Habits by Book Tigers, not the original book. 
  It is designed to record all the key points of the original and will provide you with an overview before or after reading the original.

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  Cicero - Biography of a Roman...

  Kelly Mass

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  Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and Academic skeptic who became a prominent figure in the political and intellectual life of the late Roman Republic. He is best remembered for his eloquence and his staunch defense of ethical ideals in the face of political turmoil, a period that ultimately led to the rise of the Roman Empire. Cicero’s influence extended far beyond his time as he became one of Rome's most revered orators and prose stylists, producing an extensive body of work encompassing treatises on rhetoric, philosophy, and politics. His works remain fundamental to the study of Latin and Western philosophy today. 
  Cicero was born into a wealthy municipal family within the Roman equestrian order and held the esteemed office of consul in 63 BC, a significant achievement in his career. His oratorical prowess was unrivaled, and his skill in public speaking earned him a reputation that endured through the centuries. His publications spanned a broad range of subjects, from the theoretical aspects of rhetoric to the practical concerns of governance and philosophy. Cicero’s mastery of the Latin language was profound—he is said to have written over three-quarters of all surviving Latin literature from his time. His works, characterized by their clarity and depth, formed the foundation for subsequent Latin prose, influencing European languages and thinkers well into the 19th century.

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  The French Art of Living Well -...

  Cathy Yandell

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  Cathy Yandell's The French Art of Living Well is a delightful look at French culture, from literature to cuisine to humor and more, showing how the French have captured that magic elixir known as joie de vivre. 
   
   
   
  What is joie de vivre, and why is it a fundamentally French concept? 
   
   
   
  In search of those ineffable qualities that make up the joy of living, this lively book takes listeners on a voyage to France through forays into literature, history, and culture. How does art contribute to daily life? Why is cuisine such a central part of French existence? Why are the French more physical than many other cultures? How do French attitudes toward time speak volumes about their sense of pleasure and celebration? And finally, to what extent is this zest for life exportable? These and other questions give way to a dynamic sketch of French life today. 
   
   
   
  Peppered with anecdotes and humor, this book uncovers some of the secrets of the celebrated French art of living well. Drawing from her years of living in France as a student, professor, and mother, Yandell crafts an honest and profound appraisal of French culture and how la joie de vivre can be developed in anyone's life.

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