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  Empiricism - Knowledge Through...

  Hector Davidson

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  Empiricism, as a philosophical doctrine, asserts that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience. This perspective contrasts sharply with rationalism, which emphasizes reason and innate knowledge. Empiricism has shaped our understanding of the world and influenced numerous fields, from the natural sciences to ethics and epistemology. The essence of empiricism lies in the conviction that the mind begins as a "blank slate" (tabula rasa) and that experience, rather than pre-existing ideas or concepts, forms the foundation of all knowledge. 
  At the heart of empiricist thought is the belief that all human knowledge starts with perception. We acquire information about the world through our senses—sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell—which provide the raw data from which we form concepts and beliefs. For empiricists, knowledge is not something we discover internally, but something we gather from external reality. This view stands in contrast to the rationalist emphasis on a priori knowledge, which is independent of experience and accessible only through reason. 
  Empiricism's roots can be traced back to ancient philosophy, with early proponents like Aristotle, who argued that all knowledge comes from sensory observation. However, the modern development of empiricism is largely credited to three major figures: John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. Locke introduced the idea of the mind as a tabula rasa, arguing that individuals are born without innate ideas and that all knowledge comes from experience. Berkeley took this further by suggesting that even the existence of the external world depends on perception, encapsulating the notion that "to be is to be perceived." Hume, the most radical empiricist of the three, questioned the very basis of causality and inductive reasoning, asserting that our beliefs in cause-and-effect relationships were not rationally justified but arose from habitual experience.

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  Ancient Syria: A Captivating...

  Captivating History

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  Discover the Wonders and Mysteries of Ancient Syria  
  A pivotal crossroads of trade and culture, ancient Syria was an exhilarating and revolutionary place. Syria has always been a volatile land rocked by forces competing for power. Yet, it gave birth to the world’s first library and the first purely alphabetic writing system. An exciting epicenter of early Christianity flourished in Antioch and Damascus. 
  Explore ancient Syria’s riveting history and breathtaking culture in this well-researched audiobook. Unwrap the fascinating stories of people who left an indelible mark on ancient Syria. 
  Some of the intriguing questions this book answers include:How did a picnic lead to the discovery of the lost city of Urkesh?What secrets did Ebla’s ancient library reveal?How many of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities are in Syria?Did Egypt’s Ramesses II survive an ambush in the Battle of Qadesh?What Syrian cities crumpled in the Bronze Age Collapse?Where did the Assyrians send the Syrians exiled from Damascus, Qadesh, and Hamath?What Syrian language became the official language of the Persian-Achaemenid Empire?Why did the early Christians in Antioch build their church in a cave?What Syrian queen ruled the eastern part of the Roman Empire? 
  To unpack the answers to these questions and more, scroll up and click the “add to cart” button! 

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  Sleeper Agent - The Atomic Spy...

  Ann Hagedorn

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  This must-listen book tells the chilling story of an American-born Soviet spy in the atom bomb project in World War II, perfect for fans of The Americans. 
   
   
   
  George Koval was born in Iowa. In 1932, his parents, Russian Jews who had emigrated because of anti-Semitism, decided to return home to live out their socialist ideals. George, who was as committed to socialism as they were, went with them. There, he was recruited by the Soviet Army as a spy and returned to the US in 1940. A gifted science student, he enrolled at Columbia University, where he knew scientists soon to join the Manhattan Project, America's atom bomb program. After being drafted into the US Army, George used his scientific background and connections to secure an assignment at a site where plutonium and uranium were produced to fuel the atom bomb. There, and later in a second top-secret location, he had full access to all facilities, and he passed highly sensitive information to Moscow. 
   
   
   
  The ultimate sleeper agent, Koval was an all-American boy who had played baseball, loved Walt Whitman's poetry, and mingled freely with fellow Americans. After the war he got away without a scratch. It is indisputable that his information landed in the right hands in Moscow. In 1949, Soviet scientists produced a bomb identical to America's years earlier than US experts expected.

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  Economic Creatures - Book two -...

  Denny N. Dwight

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  Book 2 of 3: Hardy has a hot lead that could finally provide him with answers to his questions. Together with Madeline, Frank, Dimitrij and Esra, he takes the dangerous journey and finds new allies in Harry and his community. But Hardy's fight against the creature has left traces that are becoming more and more obvious and seem inexplicable. After a brutal attack on Madeline, the community is surprisingly attacked by undead. With an old locomotive, they cross the vast steppes of Russia and repeatedly get into dicey situations. Shortly before Moscow, a ruthless and well-organized group appears in an attack helicopter, who only want one thing - Hardy. Using Madeline and Frank as leverage, Hardy complies with every request from Castor, a sick psychopath. Hardy meets would-be philanthropist Lydia, who resides in a well-protected mansion and apparently knows more about him than he does. Over dinner, the situation between the parties escalates and Hardy finds himself in a seemingly hopeless situation. Meanwhile, a horde of undead makes its way to the supposedly safe estate. The chaos is pre-programmed. Denny N. Dwight's cliché-laden declaration of love to the horror and action films of the 80s, 90s and early 2000s enters its second round. Again, he makes use of numerous quotes and allusions from films of these eras. In addition, the author brings up many topics that have been making the rounds among conspiracy theorists for years.

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  Animals and the Greco-Roman...

  Editors Charles River

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  There were approximately 1,500 Greek city-states (poleis) in the Classical era, and sacrifices featured in every one of them. As such, animals were constantly involved in the core elements of Greek society and cults, and this centrality could be found in the numerous depictions of animals on coins and vases throughout Greece and Greek colonies. Greek thinkers and philosophers also endlessly debated issues relating to animals, which resulted in the Greeks acquiring formidable knowledge about the creatures with whom they came in contact. All the while, animals were important sources of food, companionship, and labor, and they also featured significantly in warfare. 
  Another use for foreign animals was in the preparation of medicines. Animals captured during military conflicts were considered spoils of war, suggesting their status was that of an object. On the other hand, reflecting the Greek ambiguity and ambivalence toward their status, various philosophical debates of the time indicate that animals could also be prosecuted for committing crimes and punished accordingly. It is also apparent that ancient Greeks knew a considerable amount about their animals, as various written works that survived often reflected the ethical and scientific debates surrounding them. 
  Other than the tale of the she-wolf with Romulus and Remus, the overriding images and stories of Roman animals that have come down through popular culture to modern times largely concern the vicious animal fights put on in the Colosseum, stories of Christians being thrown to the lions, and Hannibal's invasion of Italy with elephants. Indeed, the widely accepted view is that Romans were uncommonly brutal to their animals and had little empathy for them, and in terms of the Romans' scientific knowledge about animals, it appears much of it came to them from the Greeks.

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  Lectures on the History of...

  Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

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  Meaning Incorporated presents, for the first time in audio, Hegel's Lectures on the History of Philosophy, volume 1. The lectures in this installment cover Hegel's demarcation of the history of philosophy as a discipline distinct from philosophy itself. He provides the intellectual context for the work in the way that only Hegel can, as part of his larger project to systematically approach the concept of Mind and the Absolute. Subsequent editions will be devoted to lectures from various historical periods. This work is intended for anyone interested in primary source material for human intellectual history, for researchers, students and hobbyists alike. If you enjoy this reading, please see other titles offered by Meaning Incorporated.

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