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  What Is It Like to Be a Bat?

  Thomas Nagel

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  "Consciousness is what makes the mind-body problem really intractable." So begins Thomas Nagel's classic 1974 essay "What is it Like to be a Bat?" Nagel's essay initiated the now widespread attention to consciousness as a central problem for philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience; it also influenced the recognition of the consciousness of nonhuman creatures as an important subject of study. Nagel argued that the essential subjectivity of conscious experience—what it is like for the creature undergoing it—means that reductionist theories of mind, which attempt to analyze it in physical terms, can never succeed. It follows that the physical sciences cannot provide a complete description of reality, and that the physical conception of objective reality must be transcended if science is going to comprehend the mind. 
   
   
   
  This edition reissues this classic and widely influential article on its fiftieth anniversary, along with a new preface discussing the origins and influence of the essay, as well as "Further Thoughts: The Psychophysical Nexus," a supplementary essay which describes Nagel's later thoughts about how to respond to the problem posed by "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?"

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  Trauma Tresses and Truth -...

  Lyzette Wanzer

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  Black women continue to have a complex and convoluted relationship with their hair. 
   
   
   
  From grammar and high schools to corporate boardrooms and military squadrons, Black and Afro Latina natural hair continues to confound, transfix, and enrage members of White American society. Why, in 2022, is this still the case? Why have we not moved beyond that perennial racist emblem? And why are women so disproportionately affected? 
   
   
   
  Why does our hair become most palatable when it capitulates, and has been subjugated, to resemble Caucasian features as closely as possible? Who or what is responsible for the web of supervision and surveillance of our hair? Who in our society gets to author the prevailing constitution of professional appearance? 
   
    
   
  Particularly relevant during this time of emboldened White supremacy, racism, and provocative othering, this work explores how writing about one of the still-remaining systemic biases in schools, academia, and corporate America might lead to greater understanding and respect.

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  Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel...

  Bright Summaries

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  Unlock the more straightforward side of The Scarlet Letter with this concise and insightful summary and analysis!This engaging summary presents an analysis of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The "scarlet letter" of the title is the letter "A", which the protagonist Hester Prynne must wear as punishment for having committed adultery. However, Hester's virtuous behaviour throughout the narrative makes clear, the line between guilt and innocence is not clear-cut, and she proves an easy character to sympathise with. Through her story, Hawthorne examines the stifling role of Puritanism in her society and the double standards applied to men and women in matters of morality. The Scarlet Letter was chosen by The Guardian as one of the 100 greatest novels ever written in English, and it is widely considered to be a classic of American literature. Find out everything you need to know about The Scarlet Letter in a fraction of the time!This in-depth and informative reading guide brings you:• A complete plot summary• Character studies• Key themes and symbols• Questions for further reflectionWhy choose BrightSummaries.com?Available in print and digital format, our publications are designed to accompany you on your reading journey. The clear and concise style makes for easy understanding, providing the perfect opportunity to improve your literary knowledge in no time.See the very best of literature in a whole new light with BrightSummaries.com!

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  The Legendary Expeditions of...

  Louisa Young

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  Few explorers reshaped world history like Captain James Cook. His voyages across the Pacific, from Australia to Hawaii, mapped uncharted territories, changed the course of trade, and led to both scientific advancements and cultural clashes. 
  This audiobook takes you on a thrilling journey through Cook’s three legendary expeditions, his encounters with Indigenous peoples, and his dramatic final voyage. Discover: 
  ✅ How Cook’s maps and navigation techniques changed the world 
  ✅ The first European contact with Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii 
  ✅ The scientific discoveries of his voyages—and the conflicts they caused 
  ✅ How Cook’s final journey ended in mystery and tragedy in Hawaii 
  The Legendary Expeditions of Captain Cook is a must-listen for history lovers, explorers at heart, and anyone fascinated by the Age of Discovery.

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  Crystallizing Public Opinion -...

  Edward Bernays, Mitch Horowitz

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  The Bare-Knuckled Truths of Edward BernaysYou may not know Edward Bernays, but Edward Bernays knows you.  His 1923 classic Crystallizing Public Opinion set down the principles that corporations and government have used to influence and manipulate public attitudes over the past century, and the mass media continues that practice today.This seminal work on how public opinion is created and shaped, offers a glimpse into the world of propaganda and advertising. Bernays, who believes the public behaves like a herd of animals, shows how ideas about what to eat, and how we should look and dress can easily be put into our heads. He outlines how the masses can be controlled in whatever way the influencer chooses.This original and complete edition includes a new Introduction by PEN Award-winning historian, Mitch Horowitz.By adapting the ideas that this pioneering PR strategist, who considered himself part of an intellectual and economic elite entitled to govern public opinion and global policy, governments and advertisers have been able to “regiment the mind.” His work explains the popularity of today’s TV news shout-fests and angry social media posts because, as Bernays observed, crowds love a contest. This crowd-contest dynamic fuels the hostile and sarcastic comment chains that populate Twitter, Facebook, and other social media outlets.We know that beliefs can gain sudden popularity based on the public’s proclivity for seven factors: “flight-fear, repulsion-disgust, curiosity-wonder, pugnacity-anger, self-display-elation, self-abasement-subjection, parental-love-tenderness.”Named as one of the 100 most influential Americans of the 20th Century by Life magazine, Bernays’ clients included the American Tobacco Company, several U.S. presidents and the opponents of the Guatemalan revolution. This Austrian-born nephew of Sigmund Freud made a study of the different ways to use propaganda.  "Crystallizing Public Opinion" was his first major effort to sell himself and his philosophy of public relations.

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  A Better Black Wallstreet -...

  Raheem Muhammad

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  A Better Black Wall Street is a book that focuses on a movement to create a robust economic system for Black Americans and those in need. The book delves into Business Transparency, emphasizing Trust, Integrity, Openness, and more. The goal of leveraging technology, communication, and AI is to foster unity through interviews, discussions, storytelling, and the reinvention of true brotherhood and sisterhood to maintain a strong sense of community. Learning from the past, we create a protective shield around us, keeping our memories fresh about the hindrances others have placed in our path to success, including those we have imposed on ourselves. To truly understand the necessity of this movement, one must reflect on the historical challenges and systemic barriers that Black Americans have encountered in their pursuit of economic success. This movement seeks to empower individuals by instilling a sense of self-worth and pride and encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation in adversity. Through collaboration and shared experiences, we aim to build a supportive network that uplifts and celebrates the achievements of the Black community, paving the way for a brighter and more equitable future for all.

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