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  Nato's Role - An International...

  Vince Bywaters

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  NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance formed in 1949 to provide collective defense against aggression, primarily focused on safeguarding the democratic values and security of its member nations. Over time, its role has expanded from traditional defense to addressing global security challenges, including the fight against terrorism and the stabilization of conflict zones. The War in Afghanistan became a key test for NATO's evolving mission, showcasing its capabilities in out-of-area operations far beyond the traditional borders of its members. 
  The decision to involve NATO in Afghanistan followed the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, which were planned and orchestrated by al-Qaeda, a terrorist group harbored by Afghanistan's Taliban regime. In response, NATO invoked Article 5 of its founding treaty for the first time in its history, declaring an attack on one member as an attack on all. The alliance's commitment to fighting terrorism led to the deployment of NATO forces in Afghanistan, initially through Operation Enduring Freedom, and later through the more expansive International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission. 
  NATO’s intervention was multi-faceted, aiming not only to eliminate terrorist threats but also to assist in rebuilding a war-torn nation. The alliance’s involvement extended beyond military operations, focusing on stabilizing Afghanistan by promoting security, governance, and economic development. This commitment was based on the understanding that military force alone would not bring lasting peace. NATO recognized that its mission required close collaboration with local Afghan forces, international organizations, and governments, all working together to achieve a stable and secure Afghanistan.

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  Persecution of Jews in Medieval...

  Editors Charles River

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  The term “Reconquista” is a Spanish word transferred to the English language to represent the nearly 800 years in which the Moors and Christians struggled against one another for control of the Iberian Peninsula. Although the phrase typically refers to the time when the numerous Christian kingdoms mobilized to overthrow the Islamic Caliphates set up in the peninsula, the term can additionally be used to refer to the entire situation starting in the 8th century, when Islamic civilization slowly moved out of North Africa, across the Mediterranean Sea, and into southern Iberia.  
  	Not surprisingly, three religions attempting to coexist during medieval times resulted in nearly incessant conflicts, marked by high taxation, disparate societies, rigid cultural controls, and systemic violence. Despite the odds, these three religions managed to live in a state of quasi-acceptance and peace in most of the major cities like Cordoba and Toledo, with sporadic warfare occurring on the borders between Al-Andalus and the Christian kingdoms near the Pyrenees Mountains. Muslims, Christians, and Jews would attempt to reorganize their societies several times over the centuries through warfare, always with Jews on the lower rungs and Christians and Muslims fighting it out above them.   
  	By the end of the 14th century, the distrust and prejudice against Jewish communities quickly spread to Spain. In 1391, James II of Aragon boarded the bandwagon; backed into a corner by the Roman Catholic Church, he established a law that banned Jews from Spain altogether. Jews were shunned in droves, and the remaining were given an ultimatum to either convert/revert to Catholicism or face immediate death. Yet another wave of gory pogroms ensued across the country, especially in Barcelona.

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  Bradley

  Charles Whiting

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  At the age of fifty Bradley was a career officer who had never seen a day of action on the battlefield. Yet, by the end of the war, he had led American soldiers through some of the bloodiest fighting of World War Two—the final defeat of the Germans' Afrika Korps, the invasion of Sicily, and the historic Normandy invasion, before leading the advance across the Rhine. 
   
   
   
  Despite being such an instrumental leader of World War Two he was a modest man, professing only to do the best he could for his calling and his country. 
   
   
   
  How did this quiet and unassuming teacher from West Point rise to become the commander of the Twelfth United States Army Group, which ultimately comprised forty-three divisions and over one million troops, the largest American force ever united under one man's command? And how did he come to be known as 'the G.I.'s General'? 
   
   
   
  Charles Whiting's enthralling overview of Bradley and his career uncovers what he was like as a person, providing insight into his actions and leadership during the course of World War Two, before discussing his post-war career as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff through the course of the Korean War.

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  Naval Warfare of World War II...

  Editors Charles River

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  Naval combat underwent a significant metamorphosis during World War II. Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan launched some of the most powerful battleships ever to sail the world's oceans, yet the conflict witnessed the emergence and triumph of the aircraft carrier as the 20th century's true monarch of the seas. Submarine warfare expanded and developed, while aircraft technology and doctrine experienced several revolutionary changes due to the unforgiving demands of the new combat environment. 
  In time, the American and British navies progressively destroyed their Axis counterparts, ensuring clear sea lanes, high strategic mobility for seaborne invasions, and large-scale air support that eventually battered the Axis armies into submission. Just as the Luftwaffe paralyzed Poland's defenders in 1939 with air superiority, so the Allies' mastery of naval and aerial warfare turned the tables to paralyze the Nazis and Japanese: “The fate of Germany and Japan was sealed by the many-layered application of Anglo-American air and sea power. The totality of this pressure [...] eventually choked off Axis mobility. Air and sea power could operate throughout the productive process, not only to affect the battlefield, but to determine how much and what kinds of military equipment were produced and deployed.” (O'Brien, 2015, 480). 
  Indeed, the “ultimate weapon” of World War II proved to be not a powerful tank or a specific type of aircraft, but a gigantic piece of military hardware combining the newly augmented power of both air and naval operations, the aircraft carrier. Every diverse element of the military machine had a crucial role to play, but the aircraft carrier stood head and shoulders above any other single system as the key to victory in the mid 1940s.

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  Shrinking Elephants - Untangling...

  Genevieve Hawkins

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  Conflict is an opportunity. Use it wisely and you will unlock value in you, your team and your organisation. Conflict exists in every organisation. Sometimes very obviously. Sometimes quietly. Very few love it. If you are frustrated with yourself for not stepping in; with others, for not playing ball; with the politics that get in the way of getting results; with the clearly dysfunctional teams; then this book is for you. A companion to Mentally at Work, but also a stand-alone book, it takes the science of our brains and the reality of the workplace and gives you practical tools to more effectively navigate the elephant in the room, to decrease conflict. In reading this book you will:Learn how to identify the elephants that are blocking effective problem solving.Start to understand the underlying unconscious reactions and blind spots, that are at the heart of growing elephants.Build confidence in elephant shrinking, that helps you learn about yourself, build trust-based relationships, and stop wasted energy in your organisation.Know how to look after your mental health and that of others, through louder conflict issues, coming out the better for it.Scale elephant shrinking in your team.We live in a complicated world that needs more elephant shrinkers. Start learning to become one today! This book is targeted at people in leadership roles. It helps them to better understand how they influence workplace culture and how they can create psychological safety at work through how they lead. It helps leaders to become caring scientists, using intentional actions to influence the brain chemicals in the people they work with to untangle conflict and, in doing so, unlock value in themselves, their team and their organisation.

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  What Is to Be Done?

  Vladimir Lenin

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  "What Is to Be Done?" by Vladimir Lenin is a seminal work that outlines the revolutionary strategy and organizational principles for the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Written in 1902, this influential text serves as a cornerstone in the development of Leninist thought.
   Lenin addresses the challenges facing the working class movement, particularly the lack of revolutionary consciousness among the proletariat. He argues for the necessity of a vanguard party composed of professional revolutionaries who possess the political knowledge to guide the working class towards socialist revolution.
   The text delves into Lenin's critique of spontaneity and calls for a disciplined and centralized party that can provide direction and leadership. Lenin emphasizes the importance of theoretical clarity, political education, and a strong organizational structure to achieve the ultimate goal of overthrowing the capitalist system.
  "What Is to Be Done?" has been a subject of extensive debate and interpretation within Marxist circles, and its ideas have had a profound impact on the development of revolutionary movements worldwide. This work remains a key reference for those exploring Leninist theory and the role of the vanguard party in revolutionary change.

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