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  Theory of Computation

  Introbooks Team

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  Theory of computation is seen as a branch of both theoretical computer science and modern mathematics (however, it also contains some concepts from pure mathematics). Theory of computation shows how one can effectively solve a problem using a computational model. A number of computational models are described in theory of computation. Algorithm is most common format of computational model. Algorithm is a logical, systematic presentation of the process of problem solution. It theoretically represents the procedure of solving a particular problem. Flowchart is another form of such model of computation. Simply, flowchart is a graphical representation of any algorithm, using various symbols. Each symbol of flowchart represents a particular action. Algorithms and flowcharts possess a strong relation among each other. Yet, theory of computation talks more deeply and descriptively about algorithms and less about flowcharts. 
  Theories, which are too broad, are often divided into sub theories or branches. Such division allows one to approach and learn the theory efficiently. Theory of computation is divided into four main branches. Many people see these branches as individual sub theories (sub theories and branches are both different terms). These main branches/ sub theories are as following:Automata TheoryFormal Language TheoryComputability TheoryComputational Complexity Theory 
  Here, it should be noticed that many theories treat Automata Theory and Formal Language Theory as individual concepts. It is same for vice versa situation. Many treat them as a whole. In this book, they are described as individual concepts. However, you will find many connections between their concepts. The whole structure of computation theory is dedicated to describe the capabilities and limitations of modern computer system; in terms of solving a particular problem, (This process includes various steps and operations). 
  Model of computations are mathematical abstractions of computers and their functionality. These models are used to descriptive studies and researches related to computers and various functions provided by them (capabilities, limitations, etc). These computational models are divided in various types according to the characteristics and results they provide. Turning machine is one of these many models of computations. This model is being referred here since it is arguably the most reasonable and powerful model compared to other computational models. This model has a simple and straightforward structure that is easy to interpret and understand which makes the formulation and analyzing process much easier. Other models consider that infinite memory capacity is essential in order to provide results related to decidable problems. However, turning machine requires only a finite amount of memory in order to solve and provide results for a decidable problem. It means that if a turning model is capable of solving a problem; the very same problem can be solved using any other computer that has a finite amount of available memory. 
  However, some researchers denied the turning model being the most reliable model. They do not deny its functions or capabilities, but they do point out some limitations ignoring the fact that they are yet to be proven practically. 

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  Fire Eaters - The People and...

  Peter Pigott

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  Throughout history, when threatened by wildfires our only defense was to pray for rain and run—until aircraft changed the way we fight fires. Beginning with the Canadian "H-Boats" in 1924, aircraft have become indispensable in detecting and extinguishing wildfires. Fire Eaters tells the incredible stories of the Ontario Provincial Air Service, the first government aerial fire suppression organization in history; one of its pilots, Carl Crossley, who invented the water scoop-up and drop-off system; and the Canadair CL-215, the first purpose-built water bomber. 
   
   
   
  Today, helicopters with "Bambi Buckets" and snorkels can dump water while hovering directly over the flames, and Air Tractors and Dash 8-400AT air tankers not only perform a crucial role in saving communities but also protect our ecosystem. Satellites—unmanned aircraft able to fly for sixteen hours, even overnight when manned aircraft do not—and artificial intelligence already play a decisive role in fire management. 
   
   
   
  But it is the men and women of the aerial fire service who have really changed the way we fight fire around the world. Their bravery and dedication mean that response times are fast, fires can be contained sooner, and people have the chance to save rather than lose everything.

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  Crusoe Castaways and Shipwrecks...

  Mike Rendell

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  “Fascinating” stories of real-life people and events that inspired the author of the classic adventure novel Robinson Crusoe (Historical Novel Society).   This book looks at some of the stories that inspired Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe—stories of bravery, determination, and good fortune, as well as human negligence, sheer stupidity, and bad luck. In addition to an overview of Defoe’s life and his monumentally successful novel, it also considers some of the reasons why people found themselves cast away—as a result of being wrecked, abandoned as a punishment, or marooned by pirates, or even out of deliberate choice.   Major hurricanes in the eighteenth century causing huge damage to shipping and loss of life are also covered, along with catastrophes when ships were lost, and astonishing tales of survival in the face of adversity—down in the Falklands, in the Caribbean, and off the coast of Australia. It looks at how being cast away brings out the best in some—and in others the very worst. And it examines perhaps the most astonishing story of them all—sixty slaves abandoned on a desolate treeless island in the Indian Ocean and left there for fifteen years, some of whom survived against all odds.

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  The AgeTech Revolution

  Keren Etkin

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  Have you ever thought about what your life may be like as you grow older, and what technology will be available to you at that time?In The AgeTech Revolution, Keren Etkin takes you on a journey to explore what the intersection of tech and aging looks like today. This book explores the changing face of aging in the 21st century, through the lens of the fast-paced digital transformation our society is going through. It goes into challenges of aging that are currently being tackled by technology - using the real-life stories of tech entrepreneurs and older adults. Etkin also provides a glimpse into the future, and what agetech could be like five, ten, fifteen years down the road. We have a unique, once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to impact the experience of living as an older adult in this world, using technology. The AgeTech Revolution provides us with the data and perspective necessary to change our tech landscape and to create a world that is more inclusive and supportive of older adults.

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  Structuring Inequality - How...

  Tracy L. Steffes

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  How inequality was forged, fought over, and forgotten through public policy in metropolitan Chicago. As in many American metropolitan areas, inequality in Chicagoland is visible in its neighborhoods. These inequalities are not inevitable, however. They have been constructed and deepened by public policies around housing, schooling, taxation, and local governance, including hidden state government policies.In Structuring Inequality, historian Tracy L. Steffes shows how metropolitan inequality in Chicagoland was structured, contested, and naturalized over time even as reformers tried to change it through school desegregation, affordable housing, and property tax reform. While these efforts had modest successes in the city and the suburbs, reformers faced significant resistance and counter-mobilization from affluent suburbanites, real estate developers, and other defenders of the status quo who defended inequality and reshaped the policy conversation about it. Grounded in comprehensive archival research and policy analysis, Structuring Inequality examines the history of Chicagoland’s established systems of inequality and provides perspective on the inequality we live with today.

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  Bitcoin Price Prediction using...

  Bryan DeHart

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  This podcast explores Bitcoin price prediction using machine learning techniques. It focuses on the use of the XGBoost classifier, demonstrating its high accuracy (99.08%) compared to other algorithms such as logistic regression, SVM, and Random Forest. The study analyzes a historical Bitcoin price dataset, applying data preprocessing and evaluating model performance through metrics such as accuracy, recall, and F1 score. The results show the effectiveness of XGBoost in predicting Bitcoin price changes, offering valuable insights for investors. Future research is discussed to improve the model's accuracy by integrating additional data and ensemble learning techniques.

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