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  Popular Works Volume 1 - The...

  Johann Gottleib Fitche

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  History placed Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) between two giants of German philosophy – Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and Georg Hegel (1770-1831) – so it was not surprising that his light may have dimmed as the 19th century developed. It didn’t help that he also was regarded as one of the proponents of German nationalism, a legacy that spilled over into the darker times of the 20th century.  
  However, his singular character and his role in developing, (following Kant), transcendental idealism has resulted in a re-evaluation in recent years. His views on ethics, a practical approach towards the matter of free will, and the value he placed on culture, the intellect and the self, informed his output. 
  The three works in this collection, Volume 1, offer a steady insight into Fichte’s thought and personality. Many of his key works emerged in the form of lectures rather than books, and as such are eminently accessible: Fichte was certainly a popular speaker. When at the University of Jena (1794-1799) he drew large audiences for the five lectures which comprise The Vocation of the Scholar (1794). The main principles of the Enlightenment are examined here, in terms of culture, education, morality. As he writes in his Preface: ‘That the Ideal cannot be manifested in the Actual world, we know as well as they do, perhaps better. All we maintain is, that the Actual must be judged by the Ideal, and modified in accordance with it by those who feel themselves capable of such a task.’ 
  In 1799, he was dismissed from his post at Jena following accusations of atheism, and the last two works in this collection appeared while he was at the University of Berlin. The Nature of the Scholar and its Manifestations dates from 1806 and comprises 10 lectures which develop ideas initially presented in The Vocation of the Scholar. The final work here, The Vocation of Man, appeared in book form rather than as a series of lectures and is regarded as one of his most important. In it, Fichte sets out to examine ‘the true purpose of man’.  
  It is divided into three sections, Doubt, Knowledge, Faith. He addresses issues of free will and cause and effect, natural existence and perceived reality; and, finally, the ‘guiding’ matter of faith and God.

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  The Great Migration - African...

  Nova Ashford

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  The Great Migration was one of the most significant demographic shifts in American history. Between 1916 and 1970, more than six million African Americans left the rural South and moved to urban areas in the North, Midwest, and West. This movement not only changed the lives of the people who migrated but also reshaped the cultural, political, and economic fabric of the United States. 
  For many African Americans, life in the South was marked by racial discrimination, economic hardship, and constant threats of violence. Jim Crow laws enforced segregation in every aspect of public life, from schools and transportation to housing and employment. Black families lived under the constant fear of lynching and racial terror. Economically, most African Americans were trapped in sharecropping or low-wage labor, with little opportunity for advancement. 
  At the same time, the North offered a vision of hope. Industrial cities like Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and New York had booming economies, especially during World War I and World War II, when labor shortages opened up jobs in steel mills, factories, and railroads. Though racism still existed in the North, it was often less openly violent, and African Americans had more chances to organize, vote, and build communities. This combination of “push” and “pull” factors drove millions to pack up and seek a better future.

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  Louisa May Alcott's Love For...

  Niina Niskanen

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  Louisa May Alcott´s Little Women is the author´s love song for German culture and literature. In the novel, there are many moments when the characters make references to German literature, and Jo's love interest professor Bhaer is also based on Alcott's favourite writer, the German poet Goethe. When Friedrich helps Jo when she struggles writing to Weekly Volcano, we can see her influences from Goethe, Friedrich recommends Jo read Shakespeare and study characters like Goethe would have done. It is also remarkable that Alcott gives Jo a German love interest because German immigrants were widely discriminated in 19th century America, but in Concord where Alcott's resided there was a full-blown German epidemic with people rushing to buy German books and anything that came from Germany. 
  In the very first chapter of Little Women Jo wishes for a copy of Undine and Sintram as a Christmas present. Undine and Sintram is a collection of Scandinavian and Germanic fables written by French-German author Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué. This book appears again in the last Little Women book, Jo´s boys. Marches help the poor Hummel family who has immigrated from Germany. Beth and Marmee are especially close to them. Beth catches terrible scarlet fever, but the Marches never blame the Hummels. Epidemic diseases were rather common back then and Louisa always writes about the Hummels with great sympathy. In the chapter "Camp Lawrence" John Brooke translates a German song for Meg and reads her parts from "Mary Stuart", a play that was written by German poet and philosopher Friedrich Schiller. At Meg´s and John´s wedding, Laurie suggests that they dance as the Germans do.

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  Longbow The: The History of the...

  Editors Charles River

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  While the bow was used throughout ancient times and the Middle Ages, on mainland Europe it was mostly replaced by the crossbow in the early 13th century, but that would change with the introduction of the longbow, a more powerful weapon than the traditional hunting bows. The original longbowmen were Welshmen recruited by King Edward I of England after he conquered Wales, and the weapon got its name from the fact that it was almost as tall as the man using it. This gave it a longer draw and therefore more force, as longbows were generally made of yew, a strong and pliable wood. The longbow was cheap and easy to make, but they required extensive training to be used well, so in England, commoners were encouraged and at times required to practice archery. A statute of Richard II dating from 1388 reads, “Servants and Laborers shall have Bows and Arrows, and use the same the Sundays and Holydays, and leave all playing at tennis or foot-ball, and other games called coits, dice, casting of the stone, kaikles [skittles], and other such importune games.” 
  	The longbow’s greatest day was at Agincourt in 1415, but the fact that this did not end the age of heavy plate cavalry indicated the longbow did have some limitations. For example, modern tests show that longbow arrows had trouble piercing plate armor, likely the main reason they were used as a massed weapon. With arrows raining down, it increased the chances of hitting a joint in the armor or an imperfection. Also, horse armor couldn’t protect the entire animal and the knights would soon find themselves dismounted. At some battles like Agincourt, the knights foundered in soft earth, and as their horses fell and the men became confused and hampered by the arrows clanking off their armor, they got mired in the mud and the English infantry could move in and finish them off. 

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  Balancing Planet - How Climate...

  Ylia Callan

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  This audiobook is narrated by an AI Voice.   
  Balancing Planet: How Climate Shapes Life and Life Shapes Climate is an immersive audiobook that brings the history and science of Earth’s climate to your ears. Explore the dramatic transformations of our planet, from its fiery origins to ice ages, human civilisation and the challenges of modern climate change. 
  This audiobook offers: A journey through deep time, showing how climate has influenced life and human development. Insight into the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuel use, and the Anthropocene. A clear explanation of current climate science, extreme weather, and global warming trends. Practical solutions for a regenerative future, including clean energy, carbon capture, reforestation, and sustainable agriculture. Reflections on ethics, mythology and human stewardship of the planet. 
  Whether you’re commuting, exercising, or relaxing, Balancing Planet turns complex science into a captivating story, leaving listeners informed, inspired and empowered to engage with the climate challenges of our time.

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  Flipping Houses for Profit: A...

  AHMED MUSA

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  real investment. profit making.

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