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  Sumerian Origins - Lifting the...

  Norah Romney

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  A Mysterious Group of People came to settle in southern Mesopotamia, sometime around 5400BC. What is now the modern state of Iraq, the first city of Mesopotamia was founded named Eridu. Although historians have generally regarded this as the world’s first city, we have seen this challenged on numerous occasions by recent discoveries too numerous to mention here. Eridu had all the things we ordinarily associate with an ancient city: temples, administrative buildings, housing, agriculture, markets, art, and, of course, walls to keep out unsavoury characters.The elusive aspect is we have absolutely no idea where they acquired their language, and bizarre language it is, we have no idea what they originally looked like. Their language, which we call Sumerian, and the subsequent Akkadian derivative were linguistic isolates. Sumerian is the oldest known written language on Earth, and any languages it might have derived from or developed alongside have been lost to time. Figuring out what their baffling ethnic identity based on their art is a doomed effort, because their art was so stylized that a good case could be made that it portrays people of any ethnicity, or the people they encountered. The Sumerian language was not Semitic, and the Akkadian conquests of 2334 BCE disrupted the ethnic and cultural isolation of the Sumerian people.

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  Establishment of the League of...

  Charles River Editors

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  The United Nations is one of the most famous bodies in the world, and its predecessor, the League of Nations, might be equally notorious. In fact, President Woodrow Wilson’s pet project was controversial from nearly the minute it was conceived. Wilson mostly found himself shut out, but Britain and France did not want American contributions to the war to go totally unappreciated, if only out of fear that the U.S. might turn towards improving their relations with Germany in response. Thus, to appease Wilson and the Americans, France and Britain consented to the creation of a League of Nations. However, even though his participation in the crafting of the Treaty of Versailles earned him a Nobel Prize that year, Wilson soon learned to his consternation that diplomacy with Congress would go no better than his diplomacy with European leaders. The only major provision that Wilson achieved in Europe, the League of Nations, was the most controversial in the United States.   
  	While it would attempt to resolve some territorial disputes, it simply proved too weak to prevent international aggression, primarily among the Axis Powers in the buildup to World War II. Thus, the League’s greatest legacy ended up being its dismal failure to prevent World War II and ensure that World War I had truly been the “war to end all wars,” as originally intended.  
  	Although the League of Nations was short-lived and clearly failed in its primary mission, it did essentially spawn the United Nations at the end of World War II, and many of the UN’s structures and organizations came straight from its predecessor, with the concepts of an International Court and a General Assembly coming straight from the League. More importantly, the failures of the League ensured that the UN was given stronger authority and enforcement mechanisms, most notably through the latter’s Security Council, and the UN has survived the last 80 years. 

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  The Sword and the Shield - The...

  Christopher Andrews, Vasili...

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  The Sword and the Shield is a compelling—and historically significant—narrative destined to cast new light on the Soviet era.

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  A Rare Recording of Arthur C Clarke

  Arthur C. Clarke

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  Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (December 16, 1917 - March 19, 2008) was a British science fiction writer, science writer, futurist, inventor, undersea explorer, television series host, and influential proponent of space travel. He co-wrote the screenplay for the 1968 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, widely regarded as one of the most influential films of all time. For many years Clarke, Robert Heinlein, and Isaac Asimov were known as the "Big Three" of science fiction. The following is a speech Clarke gave at a reception for the 2001 film release.

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  Ancient America - Fifty...

  Kenneth L. Feder

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  Visit fifty amazing places highlighting indigenous peoples’ art, engineering, and more in “a thoroughly enjoyable guide to America’s prehistory.” ―American Archaeology   Well-traveled anthropologist Kenneth Feder invites readers to explore the stunning technological, architectural, engineering, and artistic achievements of America’s first peoples. Part travel guide, part friendly reference, Ancient America showcases fifty iconic and publicly accessible sites located across the contiguous United States, most in state and national parks—including monumental pyramids of earth, “castles” ensconced in cliff niches, and vast rock art galleries. Among the places profiled are:     Four World Heritage Sites (Chaco Canyon, NM; Mesa Verde, CO; Cahokia, IL; Poverty Point, LA)  Numerous Historic Landmarks and National Monuments (including Crystal River, FL; Town Creek Mound, NC; Casa Grande, AZ; and Hovenweep, UT)  Stunningly diverse sites ranging from Serpent Mound (OH) and Horsethief Lake (WA) to Canyon de Chelly (AZ) and Nine Mile Canyon (UT)    In addition to practical visitor information, Feder tells the fascinating stories of each site as revealed by archaeological research. Introductory chapters delve into the deep past of Native America; historical and cultural details as well as original photography round out the site entries.    “Sites are . . . ranked on a number of factors useful for visitors, including ‘Ease of Road Access,’ ‘Natural Beauty,’ ‘Kid Friendliness,’ and the overall ‘Wow Factor.’ . . . will inspire readers to visit places that will connect them to the early peoples of North America.” ―Booklist

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  Curso de Análise e Interpretação...

  José Fernandes da Silva

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  O objetivo deste curso é buscar um entendimento de Grande Sertão Veredas, partindo de alguns fatores, ainda controversos, relativos a tal entendimento. Esses fatores são: o sentido metonímico do título Grande Sertão: Veredas; a técnica discursiva aí utilizada; o significado da palavra nonada e da expressão pão ou pães é questão de opiniães; as filosofasses do herói Riobaldo; e o tema da interação entre o bem e o mal.

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