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  Start of the Crusades The: The...

  Charles River Editors

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  Though it went largely unremarked in the Islamic world at the time, the First Crusade has since become a contentious symbol of European imperialism in the Middle East. Debate over whether the Crusades can truly be perceived as an early example of European colonialism continues in medieval historiography, though the evidence for this is thin. The territory taken by the Franks from the Turks had previously belonged to Eastern Christians and had only recently been seized by the Turks themselves. The Crusader States were relatively small and weak, and they were reconquered centuries before modern European colonialism began. The Crusaders themselves saw it as a holy war of reclamation of previously lost (albeit almost-mythical) territory. To them, the Muslims were the first aggressors, and they were somewhat bolstered in this view by the support that they largely held from local Christians.   
  	The Crusader States were relatively small and weak, and while they tried to be a bulwark of Christianity in the Holy Land, the Crusader States were reconquered centuries before modern European colonialism began. Nonetheless, the Crusades and the Crusader States galvanized the Christians of Western Europe to expand their world. While it remains unclear how much that world expanded in practical terms such as trade, or how it affected later attitudes during the expansion to the New World and other regions, it definitely engaged the European mind in both positive and negative ways. As such, the crusades soon achieved near-mythic status in the European literature and remain among the most important events of the Middle Ages.  
  At the same time, the Crusader States were not one homogenized region but actually several distinct territories that had their own unique histories and interests. In fact, many of them were founded a century apart.

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  Mesoamerican Myths - Tales from...

  Odessa Nightshade

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  Dive into the powerful and mysterious world of ancient Mesoamerica with this 3-in-1 collection of legendary tales. Mesoamerican Myths brings together the awe-inspiring stories, gods, and cosmic battles of three of the most influential civilizations of the ancient Americas—the Aztecs, the Maya, and the Inca. 
  Explore Aztec Myths and Legends, filled with gods of war, sun, and sacrifice, where epic struggles between light and darkness shaped their understanding of the cosmos. Then uncover the complex pantheon and sacred calendar in Mayan Myths and Legends, where creation myths, underworld journeys, and divine twins reveal deep cosmic order. Finally, ascend the mountains of South America in The Mythology of the Incas, discovering sun gods, divine rulers, and the origin of the Andes. 
  This volume offers readers a fascinating blend of historical insight and mythical wonder—perfect for mythology lovers, history enthusiasts, and anyone curious about the spiritual worlds of the Americas.

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  Unearthing Joy (A Guide to...

  Gholdy Muhammad

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  In this follow-up to Cultivating Genius, Dr. Gholdy Muhammad adds a fifth pursuit-joy-to her groundbreaking instructional model. She defines joy as more than celebration and happiness, but also as wellness, beauty, healing, and justice for oneself and across humanity. She shows how teaching from cultural and historical realities can enhance our efforts to cultivate identity, skills, intellect, criticality, and-indeed-joy for all students, giving them a powerful purpose to learn and contribute to the world. Dr. Muhammad's wise implementation advice is paired with model lessons and assessment tools that span subjects and grade levels.

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  A Rare Recording of Harry Houdini

  Harry Houdini

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  Hear an actual cylinder recording of Harry Houdini: "...Ladies and gentlemen. Introducing my original invention, the Water Torture Cell. Although there is nothing supernatural about it, I am willing to proffer the sum of $1,000.00 to anyone who can prove that it is possible to consume air inside of the Torture Cell when I'm locked up in it in the regulation manner after it has been filled with water. Should anything go wrong when I'm locked up, one of my assistants walks through the curtains, ready to rush in, demolishing the glass, allowing the water to flow out, in order to save my life. 
  - I, Houdini, October 29, 1914, Flatbush, NY." 
   
  Harry Houdini, born Erich Weisz; March 24, 1874 - October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-birn American escape artist, magic man, and stunt performer, noted for his escape acts. His pseudonym is a reference to his spiritual master, French magician Robert-Houdin (1805–1871).

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  Essays: First Series Compensation

  Ralph Waldo Emerson

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  A world in perfect balance—so claims Emerson in Compensation, an essay that pulses with quiet defiance and deep assurance. No gain without loss, no misstep without lesson, no fortune without its hidden tax. It is neither fate nor blind justice but a living rhythm, an invisible hand that rights every scale, even when human eyes fail to see.
  Emerson does not preach; he unfolds. The idea seeps in, settles, challenges. His words are not doctrine but a lens—through which prosperity and misfortune reveal themselves as two faces of the same coin. To take without giving, to rise without cost—impossible. The universe does not permit such imbalances to last.
  In his signature style, Emerson moves between the poetic and the philosophical, the tangible and the transcendent. He speaks not to convince but to awaken. He does not offer comfort; he offers clarity. The reader who steps into Compensation may leave unsettled, yet somehow lighter, as if a long-unnoticed weight has been named, measured, and, at last, understood.

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  Cryptography in World War I: The...

  Editors Charles River

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  World War I was the first major conflict in which new electronic means of transmitting and receiving messages became a major factor in political and military operations. The electric telegraph was developed in the first half of the 19th century, and by 1850, there were several telegraph companies around the world providing a service that allowed virtually instantaneous communication over long distances. This was a major breakthrough, but the telegraph depended on the availability of wires to transmit messages between stations, meaning that if these wires were broken or damaged, communications were cut off. 
  	Late in the 19th century, there was another new development, the telephone, though this too relied on wires to transmit and receive information. At the same time, there was a new invention that provided instant voice and Morse code communication over long distances that did not require wires. Initially called wireless, radio was quickly adopted by armies around the world as a way of providing rapid communication between military units. By the time World War I began in 1914, all the major nations involved had provided their forces with some form of radio equipment. 
  	Of course, this came with a fundamental problem: radio, telephone, and telegraph messages could be intercepted by the enemy, potentially giving them notice of impending operations. To protect these electronic messages from being read by the enemy, armies began to use codes and ciphers to disguise the meaning of messages. Teams were created to devise effective codes and ciphers, and these were quickly followed by other teams whose role was to attempt to break the codes and ciphers used by the other side. As a result, a secret war began, almost completely hidden from public view, as the belligerents devised complex ways of hiding the real meaning of their own messages while simultaneously attempting to understand those of the enemy. 

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