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  Zenon: A short biography - 5...

  5 Minutes, 5 Minute Biographies,...

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  Zenon, Greek philosopher and stoic: Life and work in a short biography! Everything you need to know, brief and concise. Infotainment, education and entertainment at its best!

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  State of Disaster - The Failure...

  Maria Cristina Garcia

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  Natural disasters and the dire effects of climate change cause massive population displacements and lead to some of the most intractable political and humanitarian challenges seen today. Yet, as Maria Cristina Garcia observes in this critical history of U.S. policy on migration in the Global South, there is actually no such thing as a "climate refugee" under current U.S. law. Most initiatives intended to assist those who must migrate are flawed and ineffective from inception because they are derived from outmoded policies. In a world of climate change, U.S. refugee policy simply does not work. 
   
   
   
  Garcia focuses on Central America and the Caribbean, where natural disasters have repeatedly worsened poverty, inequality, and domestic and international political tensions. She explains that the creation of better U.S. policy for those escaping disasters is severely limited by the 1980 Refugee Act, which continues to be applied almost exclusively for reasons of persecution directly related to politics, race, religion, and identity. Garcia contends that the United States must transform its outdated migration policies to address today's realities. Climate change and natural disasters are here to stay, and much of the human devastation left in their wake is essentially a policy choice.

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  Egyptian Revival - The Influence...

  Omar Khalil

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  The fascination with Ancient Egypt has influenced architectural and artistic movements for centuries, culminating in what is known as the Egyptian Revival. This movement, characterized by its adaptation of ancient Egyptian motifs, emerged in response to rediscoveries of Egypt’s past. The revival gained traction during the 18th and 19th centuries, driven by archaeological discoveries, historical curiosity, and a growing appreciation for non-European artistic traditions. 
  One of the key moments that ignited interest in Ancient Egypt was Napoleon Bonaparte’s Egyptian campaign (1798–1801). This military expedition was not just an act of conquest but also a scientific endeavor that brought scholars, artists, and historians to document Egypt’s ancient ruins. The most significant outcome of this campaign was the publication of the “Description de l'Égypte,” a comprehensive collection of illustrations and studies that introduced Europe to the architectural grandeur of Egypt. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 further fueled this fascination, as it eventually led to the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics, allowing deeper insights into the civilization’s history and culture. 
  The widespread enthusiasm for Ancient Egypt in the early 19th century gave rise to what historians call “Egyptomania.” This cultural phenomenon influenced literature, fashion, decorative arts, and architecture. Egyptian imagery, including sphinxes, obelisks, and pyramidal forms, began to appear in European cityscapes. The influence was particularly noticeable in monumental architecture, where designers sought to capture the imposing and symbolic nature of ancient Egyptian structures. The fascination with Egypt was further fueled by colonial expansion, as European powers took a vested interest in the region’s antiquities.

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  Meiji Era - Modernization...

  Rolf Hedger

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  The Tokugawa Shogunate, which had ruled Japan for over two centuries, faced a gradual but inevitable decline in the mid-19th century. Although the regime had maintained stability and peace through strict social hierarchy and isolationist policies, internal weaknesses and external pressures ultimately led to its downfall. The combination of economic struggles, social unrest, and increasing foreign intervention exposed the shogunate’s vulnerabilities, setting the stage for a dramatic political transformation. 
  One of the major factors behind the decline was Japan’s rigid economic system. The Tokugawa rulers relied heavily on a feudal structure in which the daimyo, or regional lords, maintained their own domains under the authority of the shogun. However, the economy began to shift from an agrarian-based system to one influenced by commerce and trade. The samurai class, who traditionally depended on fixed stipends from their lords, found themselves in financial hardship as inflation and economic instability grew. Meanwhile, wealthy merchants gained power, disrupting the established social order and creating tensions between classes. 
  In addition to economic issues, political dissatisfaction increased within Japan. Many daimyo and samurai resented the centralized control of the shogunate, believing it had become ineffective in governing the country. Corruption and inefficiency within the government further weakened public trust. While some reform-minded leaders proposed changes, the rigid nature of the Tokugawa system made meaningful reform difficult to achieve. This frustration contributed to the rise of movements advocating for a return to imperial rule under Emperor Meiji.

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  Meditations

  Marcus Aurelius

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  The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius are a series of personal writings that were created as a form of self-improvement. The purpose was to help Marcus reflect on his own thoughts and actions, in order to grow and become a better person. The writings are a collection of aphorisms, which are brief and insightful statements about life. They offer advice on how to deal with difficult situations, as well as guidance on how to be a good person. Read in English, unabridged.

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  The Dachau Nazi Trial - The...

  Davis Truman

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  During the postwar years, the United States initiated a comprehensive trial program in Germany to address Nazi crimes. This program included three main sets of trials: the International Military Trial at Nuremberg, the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, and trials conducted at the Dachau concentration camp. The Dachau trials focused on prosecuting individuals involved in atrocities at several camps liberated by American forces, such as Dachau, Mauthausen, Buchenwald, Flossenbürg, and Dora-Mittelbau. 
  These trials were a critical effort by the United States to punish Nazi crimes within the concentration camps. Over 1,000 defendants were tried at Dachau for violating the laws of war, as defined by international and American military norms. The legal process faced challenges due to the unprecedented nature of the crimes. A notable innovation in the Dachau trials was the use of a criminal conspiracy charge, which accused defendants of participating in the standard criminal design of the concentration camp system as a criminal organization. 
  However, after 1947 and 1948, issues arose due to inadequate planning for the trials' aftermath, particularly regarding the appellate process for convicted individuals. This became more pressing amid escalating tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Two scandals drew public attention, leading to official investigations by the U.S. Congress into the Dachau tribunal program. 
  While the reviews were critical of the Army's handling of clemency, they largely praised the trials themselves. Despite this, over time, the Dachau trials faded from public memory.

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