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  Mughal Empire - The Early Modern...

  Kelly Mass

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  The Mughal Empire, also referred to as the Mogul or Moghul Empire, was one of the most powerful and influential early modern Islamic empires in South Asia. Established in the 16th century, it controlled vast regions for over two centuries, encompassing territories from the peripheries of the Indus basin in the west, extending to northern Afghanistan, Kashmir in the north, present-day Bangladesh in the east, and stretching as far south as the Deccan Plateau's uplands.The origins of the Mughal Empire trace back to 1526 when Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is now Uzbekistan, founded the empire. Babur's military strategy combined traditional cavalry tactics with the latest artillery techniques, using matchlock guns and cast cannons acquired with Ottoman assistance. These advancements, alongside his strategic acumen, led him to a decisive victory against the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi, at the First Battle of Panipat. This battle marked a turning point, allowing Babur to establish his dominance over northern India and subdue rival Rajput and Afghan forces.While Babur laid the foundation of the empire, the true structure of the Mughal state is often attributed to his grandson, Akbar the Great. By the late 16th century, under Akbar's rule, the empire expanded its reach and established a well-organized imperial administration that laid the groundwork for political stability, cultural integration, and economic prosperity. Akbar's reign is particularly noted for promoting a policy of religious tolerance, encouraging a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim cultures, and setting up an efficient centralized bureaucracy.

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  Unravelling the Silk Road -...

  Christopher Alexander

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  Three textile roads tangle their way through Central Asia. The famous Silk Road united east and west through trade. Older still was the Wool Road, of critical importance when houses made from wool enabled nomads to traverse the inhospitable winter steppes. Then there was the Cotton Road, marked by greed, colonialism and environmental disaster.
  
  At this intersection of human history, fortunes were made and lost through shimmering silks, life-giving felts and gossamer cottons. Chris Aslan, who has spent fifteen years living and working in the region, expertly unravels the strands of this tangled history and embroiders them with his own experiences of life in the heart of Asia.

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  Mysterious British Isles The: A...

  Editors Charles River

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  Great Britain is an ancient land steeped in history and tradition, filled with prehistoric ruins, majestic castles, and a countryside sculpted from millennia of human habitation.. Its rolling countryside is dotted with prehistoric burial mounds and stone circles. Brooding castles hold tales of bloodshed and honor. Medieval churches have elaborate stained glass windows and gruesome carvings, reflecting a mixture of hope and darkness. Every hamlet and village has tales that go back centuries, and folk festivals with roots in pagan times. 
  Not everything in Great Britain is as it appears, however. Some say this is a land haunted by spirits, a place of strange disappearances and unexplained phenomena. For centuries, people have told tales of ghosts stalking its historic buildings, strange creatures lurking in its primeval forests, and unexplained paths linking its ancient sites. There is no shortage when it comes to the strange stories the region has to offer, and the legends and lore have compelled many to dig a little deeper and even explore this wonderful land for themselves. 
  Ireland also has a rich folklore. Everyone knows about the fairy folk and leprechauns and many have heard of the fearsome banshee, and there are also the usual ghost stories found in every old land. The stranger side of the Emerald Isle goes much deeper than that, however, with tales of phantom armies marching through the sky, sea monsters swimming in the waters around the island, and stories of strange powers and dark magic. 
  Indeed, these tales are not consigned to the past; many unexplained occurrences continue to happen, even today. Here is a sampling of some of Ireland's odder aspects Ireland. Hopefully, it will inspire readers to learn more about Ireland’s mysterious past and unusual present, and perhaps get readers to visit Ireland themselves.

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  How to travel for beginners -...

  Parshwika Bhandari

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  Hey, I am Parshwika I first time started traveling as a solo so in this book I am sharing everything based in my knowledge so far to make travel easy and simple, it's simple basic book steps/checklist/tips book for traveling

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  Pictures from Italy

  Charles Dickens

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  Who better to travel to Italy with than Charles Dickens? From the travails of 19th century travel to the wonder of discovering the great art of western civilization, all are brought to life with the characteristic humour, wryness, sentimentality, fervour and love that are poured into the best of the author’s fiction. 
  Modern readers will recognise many of Italy’s historical treasures that millions have enjoyed since Dickens described them over 150 years ago; in that sense surprisingly, little has changed.  
  What might be more interesting to us today are the nature and mechanics of tourism in 1846. So used are we to the relative comfort and speed of global transport that we forget the discomforts (and at times horrors) undertaken by those few that would endeavour to see the world in previous centuries. By comparison we journey at our leisure whereas Dickens’ journal is more the record of a pilgrim and pioneer.  
  Far be it from him however to dwell on the rigours of Victorian tourism, indeed he saves his pithiest wit for such times and is much more interested, as he always is, in the humanity of all he encounters.  
  His vibrant and colourful description of the Roman Festival is as joyful as his reserved observation of an execution is sombre and reserved. Dickens is not enamoured of all he experiences and is quick to let us know when he suspects sham commercialism, hypocrisy or injustice.

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  A Quest for the Hidden Lands -...

  Norman Levine

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  My budding career as a literary scholar was suddenly hijacked by a singular seemingly random event. It was 1976 when I tiptoed into a tiny Buddhist shrine room in a farmhouse nestled into the Black Mountains of Wales and there beheld a Tibetan master, the 16th Karmapa, sitting on a throne performing a ceremony known as The Black Hat. My mind came to an immediate stop, suspended. It felt familiar, like the secret garden of childhood.I can still remember every detail like it was yesterday:Karmapa occupies the throne completely. He has a spiritual dignity that makes it his rightful seat, just as the lion proclaims his natural dominion. The force of his presence alone brings a hushed silence to the room. It feels like it has expanded into a cathedral. Two monks blow long Tibetan horns in a haunting wail so loud and long it startles thought patterns, blowing them away like clouds. The Karmapa slowly opens the Black Hat-box, takes the black silk crown in his hand, and puts it on his head holding it down with one hand. With the other hand he fingers a crystal rosary moving it deftly, twirling the beads around three times. The horns continue while he gazes with eyes that seem to dissolve the fiction of time and the boundaries of space. Time is standing still.That glimpse into enlightened mind became embedded like a seed and grew into a quest over the next decades to find the key places on our planet called the Hidden Lands.The legend came alive while I was living in a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas. I met Tibetans who had been to the supreme Hidden Land of Pemako while escaping from the Chinese invasion of Tibet. They made it sound like the ‘promised land’ with streams flowing with milky water. There were certain plants that could induce enlightenment.Why did it take decades to get there? What made the right ingredients emerge to penetrate this sacred sanctuary?  And the big question: Who hid it and why?

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