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  The Fall of Communism -...

  Arlo Holders

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  The origins of communism can be traced back to the mid-19th century, largely shaped by the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marx's writings, particularly The Communist Manifesto (1848), presented a vision for a classless society where the working class, or proletariat, would overthrow the capitalist bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat. Marx believed this revolution would lead to the eventual abolition of private property, creating a system where resources and wealth were shared equally among all people. Engels, Marx’s collaborator, helped to spread these ideas, laying the theoretical foundation for communism as a political ideology. 
  In the early 20th century, the ideas of Marxism found fertile ground in Russia, where economic disparity and social unrest were widespread. The Russian Empire, under Tsar Nicholas II, faced increasing pressure from industrialization, a growing working class, and a largely disenfranchised peasantry. The Russian Revolution of 1917, led by the Bolshevik Party under Vladimir Lenin, marked the beginning of communism’s practical implementation. The Bolsheviks sought to establish a socialist state where the working class would control the means of production and dismantle the old Tsarist monarchy. 
  Following the revolution, the Soviet Union was formed in 1922, uniting the Russian Federation and several other Soviet republics under a single communist government. The new government, however, faced significant challenges, including civil war, foreign intervention, and the task of restructuring a country that had been predominantly agrarian into a socialist industrialized state. Lenin’s death in 1924 led to the rise of Joseph Stalin, who consolidated power through brutal purges and policies such as forced collectivization and rapid industrialization.

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  Aristotle: A short biography - 5...

  5 Minutes, 5 Minute Biographies,...

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  Aristotle, Greek philosopher: Life and works in a short biography! Everything you need to know, brief and concise. Infotainment, education and entertainment at its best!

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  How to Do the Right Thing - An...

  Seneca, Robert A. Kaster

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  How ancient Stoicism can help teach us to treat others—and ourselves—more fairly and mercifully 
   
   
   
  There are times when we've all felt that we haven't been treated as we deserve—that we've been misjudged, shortchanged, or given a raw deal. And, at one time or another, other people have probably felt that we've treated them just as unfairly. How to Do the Right Thing draws on the principles of ancient Stoicism as articulated by the Roman statesman and philosopher Seneca to help listeners better navigate one of the most important practical questions of daily life—how to do right by others. 
   
   
   
  Starting from the virtue of magnanimity—the opposite of small-mindedness—How to Do the Right Thing draws together lessons from Seneca's writings that stress the importance of calm and clear thinking, of judging oneself fairly before judging others, and of cutting people slack, with a bias toward mercy—all delivered in crisp and lively new translations.

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  Liberalism - Individual Liberty...

  Hector Davidson

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  Liberalism is a political and philosophical ideology rooted in the principles of individual liberty, equality, and limited government. At its core, liberalism emphasizes the autonomy of the individual, arguing that each person has the right to pursue their own life and happiness, free from unnecessary interference by the state or society. Emerging in the Enlightenment period, liberalism challenged the traditional structures of monarchies and feudal systems, advocating for the rights of the individual and the importance of reason, tolerance, and democratic participation. 
  The roots of liberal thought can be traced back to the works of early modern philosophers such as John Locke, whose ideas on natural rights and government by consent laid the foundation for liberal political theory. Locke’s assertion that individuals possess inherent rights to life, liberty, and property formed the basis for much of liberal thought, influencing the development of constitutionalism and democratic governance. Over time, thinkers like Montesquieu, Rousseau, and later John Stuart Mill contributed to the evolution of liberalism, expanding its focus to issues of civil liberties, political freedoms, and social equality. 
  A defining characteristic of liberalism is its emphasis on individual freedom. This includes both personal liberty—the freedom to make choices about one’s own life—and political liberty—the right to participate in the democratic process and have a say in the laws and policies that govern society. Classical liberals advocated for minimal government interference in the economy and individual affairs, emphasizing free markets, private property, and limited state power. The role of the state, in this view, is to protect the rights of individuals and maintain social order, but not to intervene in the private lives or economic transactions of citizens.

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  Summary of Think and Grow Rich -...

  Kevin Brandt, Gene Lass

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  This is a summary of Napoleon Hill's Think and Grow Rich which is the classic business book that is considered the "grandfather" of modern self help and business books. This seminal book from Napoleon Hill is the distilled knowledge of extensive interviews of many of the great entrepreneurs and business moguls of the time. It is a must read for anyone wanting to improve their business or their lives. 
  This book takes a straightforward approach to helping you learn the most important points from Think and Grow Rich.

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  American Visions - The United...

  Edward L. Ayers

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  A revealing history of the formative period when voices of dissent and innovation defied power and created visions of America still resonant today. 
   
   
   
  The early decades of the nineteenth century saw the expansion of slavery, Native dispossession, and wars with Canada and Mexico. Mass immigration and powerful religious movements sent tremors through American society. But even as the powerful defended the status quo, others defied it: voices from the margins moved the center; eccentric visions altered the accepted wisdom, and acts of empathy questioned self-interest. Edward L. Ayers’s rich history examines the visions that moved Frederick Douglass, Margaret Fuller, the Native American activist William Apess, and others to challenge entrenched practices and beliefs. 
   
   
   
  Through decades of award-winning scholarship on the Civil War, Edward L. Ayers has himself ventured beyond the interpretative status quo to recover the range of possibilities embedded in the past as it was lived. Here he turns that distinctive historical sensibility to a period when bold visionaries and critics built vigorous traditions of dissent and innovation into the foundation of the nation. Those traditions remain alive for us today.

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