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  Clovis and Mississippian Peoples...

  Editors Charles River

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  When most people think of “ancient American civilizations,” the Aztec, Maya, or Inca cultures probably come to mind immediately, because the societies in Mesoamerica and South America left behind permanent structures for millions of visitors from around the world to see each year. But in fact, there were people inhabiting the region over 11,000 years earlier. 
  The discovery of distinct arrow tips throughout the United States, Canada, and parts of northern Mexico in the early 20th century, often referred to by archaeologists as projectile points, is a testament to the success of the Paleolithic culture, now known as Clovis. Modern scholars point to the extensive nature of Clovis archaeological sites as proof of its importance, yet these same scholars have only begun to uncover this culture, and as they do, more questions are raised than there are answers. Although most of the questions are not controversial, some of the answers scholars have forwarded are. Any examination of the Clovis culture begins with what is known. Archaeologists know the approximate chronological and geographic range of the Clovis culture, and they can identify what made the Clovis people unique. These were the projectile points the Clovis people made, setting them apart from most people that came before and after them 
  	In North America, from about 1000-1500 CE, an equally complex culture formed along the banks of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers. From Red Wing, Minnesota to Greenhouse, Louisiana, and from Spiro, Oklahoma to Macon, Georgia, societies built impressive mound structures that served as ritual platforms, burial sites, and residences for the elites. These mounds also served as the focal points of urban areas of varying sizes that were connected to each other through trade and ideology, forming a culture that modern historians have since designated the “Mississippian culture.” 

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  Britain's Secret Defences:...

  Andrew Chatterton

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  The narrative surrounding Britain's anti-invasion forces has often centered on "Dad's Army"-like characters running around with pitchforks, on unpreparedness and sense of inevitability of invasion and defeat. The truth, however, is very different. 
   
   
   
  Top-secret, highly trained civilian volunteers were being recruited as early as the summer of 1940. Had the Germans attempted an invasion they would have been countered by saboteurs and guerrilla fighters emerging from secret bunkers, and monitored by swathes of spies and observers who would have passed details on via runners, wireless operators, and ATS women in disguised bunkers. Alongside these secret forces, the Home Guard were also setting up their own "guerrilla groups," and SIS (MI6) were setting up post-occupation groups of civilians to act as sabotage cells, wireless operators, and assassins had the Nazis taken control of the country. 
   
   
   
  The civilians involved in these groups understood the need for absolute secrecy and their commitment to keeping quiet meant that most went to their grave without ever telling anyone of their role. There has been no official and little public recognition of what these dedicated men and women were willing to do for their country in its hour of need, and after over eighty years of silence the time has come to highlight their remarkable role.

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  How to Edit Writing: 7 Easy...

  Jaiden Pemton

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  Have you just finished writing your masterpiece, but don’t know how to approach the editing stage?  
  Or have you decided to take on a role as an editor for the work of other writers, and don’t know where to start? 
  Do you feel unclear about how to distinguish and use the elements of the editing process? 
    
  How to Edit Writing is the guide you need! We will teach you how to edit writing in 7 easy steps. This guide is designed to provide you with all the tools you need in a concise, easy to understand format that will answer all your burning questions and get you on your way to thorough and successful editing. 
    
  To be a successful editor, you must know how to divide your work into stages, make use of reading aloud, take things one step at a time, deeply engage with the content at hand, and utilize strategies such as isolating text and working in reverse. 
  YOU’LL LEARN:The stages of editing: structural, line editing, and copy editing Necessary conversations to have between writers and editorsThe benefits of reading aloud to yourself and othersHow to separate the smaller elements into manageable chunksHow to maintain consistencyHow to keep readers engagedHow to isolate text in order to determine its purposeHow to engage more deeply with the text in front of youHow to critically evaluate dialogue and general flowHow to monitor pacing and organizationHow to edit in reverseAnd so much more!  
  Whether you're just starting on the journey of editing and need to develop a clearer understanding of the elements, or have been at it for a while and are looking for fresh perspectives and tips for further develop how you perfect your craft, this guide is the companion you need. Let’s get started!

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  The History and Legacy of the...

  Editors Charles River

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  Over the course of its history, England has engaged in an uncountable number of battles, but a select few have been celebrated like the Battle of Trafalgar, one of the most important naval battles in history. Before the battle, Napoleon still harbored dreams of sailing an invasion force across the English Channel and subduing England, but that would be dashed on October 21, 1805 by a British fleet that was outnumbered and outgunned. The impact of Trafalgar cannot be overstated, as it literally set the stage for the rest of the Napoleonic Era. Unable to invade England, Napoleon was limited to conducting war on the European continent, and while he spent the better part of a decade frustrating the British and their allies, he was eventually undone at Leipzig and then Waterloo nearly a decade after Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar. 
  For those questioning why generals continued using tactics from the Napoleonic Era even as technology changed the battlefield, the Battle of Austerlitz may provide the best answer. Napoleon is regarded as one of history’s greatest generals, and Austerlitz was his greatest victory. In 1805, Britain, Austria, and Russia allied together to form the Third Coalition against the French, and the Third Coalition’s forces consisted of armies from Austria and Russia, with Britain providing naval support as well as its financial powers. The Battle of Austerlitz was a tactical masterpiece that saw Napoleon actually invite an attack on his army by the bigger Coalition army, and over the course of about 9 hours, the French successfully defended their right flank while counterattacking in the center and splitting the Russo-Austrian army in two, allowing the French to hit the flank of the advancing left wing of the enemy. The result was a decisive victory that virtually annihilated the Third Coalition’s army and made Napoleon the master of the European continent.

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  On Liberty

  John Mills

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  On Liberty is a philosophical essay by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill. Published in 1859, it applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. Mill suggests standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. He emphasizes the importance of individuality, which he considers prerequisite to the higher pleasures—the summum bonum of utilitarianism. Furthermore, Mill asserts that democratic ideals may result in the tyranny of the majority. Among the standards proposed are Mill's three basic liberties of individuals, his three legitimate objections to government intervention, and his two maxims regarding the relationship of the individual to society.On Liberty was a greatly influential and well-received work. Some classical liberals and libertarians have criticized it for its apparent discontinuity with Utilitarianism, and vagueness in defining the arena within which individuals can contest government infringements on their personal freedom of action. The ideas presented in On Liberty have remained the basis of much political thought. It has remained in print since its initial publication. A copy of On Liberty is passed to the president of the British Liberal Democrats as a symbol of office.

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  Hidden History of Walt Disney World

  Foxx Nolte

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  Author Foxx Nolte gives listeners a glimpse behind the curtain of the most magical place on earth. Millions of people a year visit Walt Disney World, but few would consider it to be a place with any real history. But hidden just below the surface, past the blanket of pixie dust, is a story as vivid and bizarre as any. It is a history of corporate politics, urban planning, crazy ambitions, and failed schemes. The Hidden History of Walt Disney World takes you on a journey that stretches from "Old Florida" to the events that made Walt Disney World what it is today. There's birds made of citrus, horizontal elevators, a ghost town, and tennis ball factories. And that's just the start. Whether you've visited one or one hundred times, your vacation will never be the same again. Yep, the castle is fake. But the stories are not.

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