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  Zapotec Civilization - Monte...

  Rolf Hedger

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  The Zapotec civilization emerged in the valleys of Oaxaca, a region characterized by its fertile land, diverse ecosystems, and strategic position for trade and agriculture. Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest Zapotec communities began forming around 1500 BCE, with small farming villages dotting the landscape. Over time, these settlements grew in complexity, giving rise to a society that would become one of Mesoamerica’s most influential civilizations. 
  Early Zapotec communities relied heavily on agriculture, cultivating maize, beans, squash, and chili peppers—staples that formed the foundation of their diet. The region’s rivers and seasonal rains provided a reliable water source, allowing for irrigation techniques that supported larger populations. As food production increased, villages expanded, and the need for organization led to the development of social hierarchies. Religious leaders, warriors, and skilled artisans began to hold distinct roles in society, paving the way for the emergence of political structures. 
  By the first millennium BCE, the Zapotecs had established themselves as a dominant force in the Oaxaca Valley. Unlike nomadic or loosely structured societies, they developed permanent settlements with planned architecture, ceremonial centers, and marketplaces. This period saw the rise of San José Mogote, one of the earliest known Zapotec centers, where the first signs of their writing system and political organization appeared. San José Mogote’s influence laid the groundwork for the later establishment of Monte Albán, which would become the heart of Zapotec power.

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  Bought & Sold - Scotland Jamaica...

  Kate Phillips

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  This book traces the story of how and why thousands of Scots made money from buying and selling humans… a story we need to own. We need to admit that many Scots were enthusiastic participants in slavery.
  Union with England gave Scotland access to both trade and settlement in Jamaica, Britain's richest colony and its major slave trading hub. Tens of thousands from Scotland lived and worked there. The abolition campaign and slave revolts threatened Scottish plantation owners, merchants, traders, bankers and insurance brokers who made their fortunes from slave-farmed sugar in Jamaica and fought hard to preserve the system of slavery. Archives and parliamentary papers in both countries reveal these transatlantic Scots in their own words and allow us to access the lives of their captives. 
  Scotland and Jamaica were closely entwined for over one hundred years. Bought & Sold traces this shared story from its early beginnings in the 1700s to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire and reflects on the meaning of those years for both nations today.

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  Observing Conflict Escalation in...

  Richard Bösch

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  How do conflicts escalate? This is one of the major questions in conflict research. To offer further answers, Richard Bösch follows a tripartite agenda: First, he develops a constructivist methodology for the study of conflict escalation embedded in a Luhmannian systems theoretical world society perspective. Bösch argues that conflicts can be observed as social systems and he looks at the process of conflict escalation by analysing communication. Second, this analysis offers two case studies: the Maidan protests in Ukraine 2013-2014 and Mali's crisis 2010-2012. Third, it gives insights on how systems theoretical research can be beneficial for Peace and Conflict Studies.

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  The Religious Instruction of the...

  Charles Jones

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  This work is an extended exhortation urging white ministers and slaveowners to attend to the spiritual needs of slaves and free blacks. The book is broken into four parts. The first part is an historical sketch of slavery in the Colonies and the United States, with a focus on missionary and religious efforts directed towards the African slaves. This account goes from 1620 to 1842. Jones closes this first part with a summary of each denomination and each state. The second part treats the "Moral and Religious Condition" of slaves and free blacks, blaming their circumstances for their lack of virtue. Jones especially calls attention to their poverty and lack of education. He describes their ignorance of Christianity, their general lack of character, and their prevailing vices, noting that in the end, they are totally dependent on white men for the ability to overcome these limitations. In light of this description, Jones goes on in the third part to describe the obligations of the Christian church to rectify these problems. He asserts that the religious education of the African part of the population is a duty no Christian can ignore. In addition, he lists several benefits of religious instruction. The final part of the book proposes some strategies for implementing programs of religious instruction for slaves, making recommendations for Sabbath services as well as weekday plantation meetings. Jones says that the Christian gospel must be presented in a way that is intelligible to uneducated slaves, and must be inculcated early in childhood when possible. The guiding principle he describes for dealing with the condition of the slave is to be only concerned with the spiritual, not the secular, political, or civil. Jones concludes with pointed exhortations to masters, ministers, and the church at large, calling them all to devote more attention to the religious instruction of the African part of the American population.

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  Word Nerds Unite! - The...

  Webb Garrison

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  Why are spectacularly successful movies called blockbusters? Why does "putting your best foot forward" mean you hope to make a good impression? Why is rowdy and prankish behavior called horseplay and what does it have to do with the rarity of horses? Word Nerds Unite! shares 200 fascinating word meanings for fans of Wordle, Scrabble, and other word games. 
  You've probably used words or phrases like these without giving them a second thought. But you'll be surprised and interested to discover the fascinating and sometimes curious origins to these fun sayings! 
  In Word Nerds Unite! you'll find:200 quirky, interesting words, phrases, and colloquial termsBackstory for these colorful sayings still used todayHow some of our favorite expressions have evolved through the years 
  You'll discover such fascinating word and phrase origins for:handwriting on the wallplay for keepsraining cats and dogsbreak the icebull's eyeand many more! 
    
  Word Nerds Unite! is perfect for word lovers, Wordle enthusiasts, homeschoolers, and anyone curious about the illuminating history of 200 words that pepper our everyday dialogue and how they gained contemporary use. Organized by subject, each chapter begins with a quote, an introductory paragraph, and a list of what you'll discover!

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  EMDR for Anger Management -...

  LLP Deborah S. Kennard

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  Is anger getting in the way of the life you want? Do you lash out at others, or experience uncontrollable rages that hurt your relationships or damage your career? When you feel angry, do you also experience unpleasant or even frightening physical sensations such as a rapid heartbeat, shaking, or sweating? If so, your anger may be caused by unresolved past trauma. In order to effectively manage your anger, you must first treat the root cause. 
  Grounded in somatic and attachment-focused EMDR (SAFE), this book offers a self-guided, trauma-informed approach to help you heal and move past unresolved trauma using bilateral tapping—a simple technique that stimulates the right and left sides of the brain to help the body achieve a more restful, balanced state. By addressing the root of your anger—instead of repressing it—you’ll gain greater control over intense emotions, regulate your nervous system, improve your relationships, and build a more peaceful life. 
  Unresolved trauma can keep you stuck in a vicious cycle of anger, rage, and frustration. But you can heal the wounds of the past and build a more peaceful life. This compassionate, step-by-step guide will show you how.

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