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  The Eighty Years War - The...

  Kelly Mass

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  The war between the protestant Netherlands, mostly led by William of Orange, and Catholic Spain, was one of the marks in Dutch history. This war has determined the beliefs of many people who now live about the three rivers that go through the country: Most of the people north of the rivers are protestant, and most of the believers below them (even throughout Belgium as well) are Catholic. This is no coincidence. 
  The war in the 1600s has become a symbol of Dutch resistance, independence, and the royal family (of Orange). In that sense, traditions date back hundreds of years, some them that have their roots in this century. Learn more about what caused the 80 years of war between these two countries, how France was involved, and how it helped form the boundaries and borders of those countries today.

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  Expat Wife Happy Life! - The...

  Florence Reisch-Gentinetta

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  “Darling, I have been promoted and they’ve asked us to move abroad!”That’s what I dreamed of: adventure, change, freedom... but now? Really? Right now? I’m not ready, I’m not organized, the kids, me, us, and everything that goes with it... How do I know if this is the right decision?If these questions resonate, this book is for you. While Florence’s experience is as unique as yours is or will be, our questions and fears are often the same. Florence’s personal reflections will guide you and open you to new and different ways of thinking and acting for your life abroad.

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  Delhi Sultanate - Muslim...

  Rolf Hedger

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  The Delhi Sultanate was a defining era in Indian history, marking the establishment of Muslim rule in northern India. Its rise was shaped by a series of invasions, strategic conquests, and the formation of a centralized administration. The foundation of the Sultanate can be traced back to the late 12th century when Muslim forces, primarily from Central Asia, began making inroads into the Indian subcontinent. These incursions set the stage for a new political order that would influence the region for centuries. 
  One of the earliest significant Muslim invasions was led by Mahmud of Ghazni in the 11th century. Although he did not establish permanent rule, his raids weakened Indian kingdoms and demonstrated the vulnerability of the region. However, it was Muhammad Ghori in the late 12th century who laid the groundwork for the Delhi Sultanate. Unlike Mahmud, Ghori aimed for long-term control rather than mere plundering. His victory over Prithviraj Chauhan at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 was a turning point, allowing Muslim forces to establish a foothold in northern India. 
  Following Ghori’s assassination in 1206, his general, Qutb al-Din Aibak, took control of his Indian territories and proclaimed himself the first Sultan of Delhi. Aibak, originally a slave who rose through the ranks, became the founder of the Mamluk or Slave Dynasty. He consolidated his rule by strengthening administrative structures and commissioning architectural marvels like the Qutb Minar, which symbolized the establishment of Muslim rule. However, his reign was short-lived, and his successor, Iltutmish, played a more crucial role in shaping the Delhi Sultanate into a powerful and stable empire.

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  Dubrovnik Travel Guide

  Anna O's Travel Guides

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  Are you planning a trip to Dubrovnik, the stunning coastal city known as the "Pearl of the Adriatic"? Look no further than this comprehensive travel guide, covering 25 chapters and offering visitors an in-depth look at Dubrovnik's many attractions and activities. From the old town's impressive city walls and historic buildings to its crystal-clear beaches and vibrant nightlife, this guide has something for everyone. Discover Dubrovnik's rich cultural heritage, stunning scenery, and delicious cuisine, all while supporting sustainable tourism practices. This guide is a must-have for anyone looking to explore the beauty and charm of Dubrovnik.

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  The Kushan Empire - Rulers and...

  Rolf Hedger

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  The Kushan Empire, one of the most influential powers in Central and South Asia, originated from the nomadic Yuezhi people. The Yuezhi were an Indo-European group that initially resided in the western regions of China, near the Tarim Basin. However, in the 2nd century BCE, they were forced to migrate westward due to conflicts with the Xiongnu, a dominant steppe confederation. This migration led them into Central Asia, where they eventually settled in the Bactrian region, which had previously been under Greek influence following the campaigns of Alexander the Great. 
  Over time, the Yuezhi tribes consolidated their power, and by the 1st century CE, one of their clans, the Kushans, emerged as the dominant force. Kujula Kadphises, the first major ruler of the Kushan Dynasty, is credited with unifying the fragmented Yuezhi groups and establishing the foundation of the empire. Under his leadership, the Kushans expanded their influence, incorporating regions of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. His military campaigns against the remnants of the Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian kingdoms allowed the Kushans to gain control over crucial trade routes, solidifying their position as a major power in the region. 
  The early political structure of the Kushan Empire reflected its nomadic roots while incorporating elements from the civilizations it encountered. The rulers maintained a centralized authority but allowed local governance to continue in many areas, a practice that helped integrate diverse cultural and ethnic groups into the empire. This pragmatic approach to governance enabled the Kushans to sustain their rule over a vast and multicultural domain.

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  Carthagian Empire - Hannibal...

  Rolf Hedger

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  Carthage emerged as one of the most powerful cities of the ancient world, a beacon of wealth, trade, and military strength. Located on the coast of modern-day Tunisia, it was founded by Phoenician settlers from the city of Tyre around the ninth century BCE. These settlers, skilled in navigation and commerce, established Carthage as a strategic hub that would eventually dominate Mediterranean trade. 
  From its earliest days, Carthage thrived on its ability to control maritime routes and forge strong economic connections across North Africa, Iberia, and the islands of the western Mediterranean. Unlike many other ancient powers that relied on agriculture and territorial conquest, Carthage built its strength through commerce. It became the heart of a vast trade network that stretched from the shores of the Middle East to the Atlantic coast of Africa, exchanging goods such as silver, tin, spices, and textiles. 
  The city itself reflected its growing influence. Carthaginian engineers designed an impressive harbor that could shelter hundreds of ships, a crucial asset for a state whose power depended on naval supremacy. This naval dominance allowed Carthage to project its influence far beyond its immediate borders, securing colonies and trading posts in places such as Sicily.

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