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  Jean-Jacques Rousseau - The...

  Hector Davidson

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  Jean-Jacques Rousseau, one of the most influential philosophers of the 18th century, reshaped the landscape of political and social theory. His ideas, particularly those outlined in The Social Contract and Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, have had a profound impact on modern thought, influencing the French Revolution, the development of democratic ideals, and the evolution of social theory. Rousseau's philosophy is a reflection of his deep concern with the relationship between individuals and society, the nature of human freedom, and the consequences of civilization. 
  At the heart of Rousseau’s thought is his concept of the "state of nature," a condition in which humans existed before the corrupting influence of society. In this natural state, Rousseau argued, humans were free, equal, and solitary. Their basic needs were limited, and they acted primarily on instinct, guided by compassion and self-preservation. However, with the rise of private property, inequality began to emerge, leading to the social contract—a mechanism through which individuals could unite to form a collective body politic, agreeing to follow the “general will” for the common good. This social contract was Rousseau's answer to the problem of how to create a just society that respects both individual liberty and collective harmony. 
  Rousseau rejected the view that human beings are inherently selfish, as suggested by other philosophers like Hobbes. Instead, he believed that while civilization introduced inequality and competition, it also created the potential for true human freedom, which could only be realized in a political community that was based on the collective will of its people. Rousseau’s idea of the general will is central to his political theory. The general will is not simply the sum of individual desires but represents the collective interests that transcend personal ambitions, aiming for the common good.

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  Crusading against Christians:...

  Editors Charles River

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  After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, when Western Europe was governed by a Germanic warrior-caste, the theory of a just and virtuous war took root. The Roman Church enhanced its authority by sanctifying oaths taken for just military purposes, and Bishop Anselm of Lucca (d. 1086) was the first to suggest that military action for the cause of religion could remit sin. At the Council of Clermont in July 1095, Pope Urban II canonized religious war by urging Western Europe's nobility to take up arms in defense of the Byzantine Empire against the Muslims, thus launching the Crusades. Religious military orders such as the Knights of Saint John, the Templars, and the Hospitallers arose, ostensibly founded to protect the weak and the sick but also to extend the boundaries of Christianity and the power of the Church. In Europe, the knight, originally a mounted warrior, became a consecrated soldier of Christ, dedicated to the defense of the Church by solemn vows made before an altar. 
  Naturally, the question remained concerning the use of arms against other Christians. Eastern Christians did not acknowledge the Pope's supremacy, and many held that it was lawful for him to declare a crusade to bring schismatics back to the obedience of Rome. German knights fighting the Orthodox Russians at the Battle on the Ice in 1242 believed this, as did the Hungarian prosecutors of the 1235 invasion of Bosnia, which was thinly disguised as a crusade. The Church even extended the object of crusade to believers in communion with Rome, who refused to obey lawful authority. After peasants revolted against the Prince-Archbishop of Bremen in 1204 over tithes and land rights, Pope Gregory IX was persuaded to declare them heretics and proclaim a crusade against them.

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  Survival of the Richest - Escape...

  Douglas Rushkoff

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  The tech elite have a plan to survive the apocalypse: They want to leave us all behind. 
   
  Five mysterious billionaires summoned theorist Douglas Rushkoff to a desert resort for a private talk.  
   
  The topic? How to survive the “Event”: the societal catastrophe they know is coming. Rushkoff came to understand that these men were under the influence of The Mindset, a Silicon Valley–style certainty that they and their cohort can break the laws of physics, economics, and morality to escape a disaster  
  of their own making—as long as they have enough money and the right technology. 
   
  In Survival of the Richest, Rushkoff traces the origins of The Mindset in science and technology through its current expression in missions to Mars, island bunkers, AI futurism, and the metaverse. In a dozen urgent, electrifying chapters, he confronts tech utopianism, the datafication of all human interaction,  
  and the exploitation of that data by corporations. Through fascinating characters—master programmers who want to remake the world from scratch as if redesigning a video game and bankers who return from Burning Man convinced that incentivized capitalism is the solution to environmental  
  disasters—Rushkoff explains why those with the most power to change our current trajectory have no interest in doing so. And he shows how recent forms of anti-mainstream rebellion—QAnon, for example, or meme stocks—reinforce the same destructive order. 
   
  This mind-blowing work of social analysis shows us how to transcend the landscape The Mindset created—a world alive with algorithms and intelligences actively rewarding our most selfish tendencies—and rediscover community, mutual aid, and human interdependency. In a thundering  
  conclusion, Survival of the Richest argues that the only way to survive the coming catastrophe is to ensure it doesn’t happen in the first place.

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  How to Get Unstuck and Live Your...

  Clement Harrison

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  Are you limiting yourself to an unsatisfying career path because of fear? You might regret it. 
  Discover:A fun and easy way to find out what careers are suitable for you based on your strengths and temperamentThe critical information you need to know about a possible new career so you don’t end up in the same situation you wanted to get out ofA simple exercise that will help you know yourself more and understand what you find meaningful in a jobInspirational stories of career shifts that show you anything’s possible, even if you’re in your 40s and in a totally unrelated industryWhy you can be a stronger candidate than people with more experience, and how you can build up your knowledge and skills without getting another degreeHow you can explore and get a feel for a new job and its complexities without making a commitment yetA potentially weighty obstacle to your career transition that you need to prepare for and discuss with your familyPractical tips to make your resume stand out to recruiters, even if you are going up against industry veterans  
  And much more. 
  You’ll never know what’s possible unless you try.  
  Find the job you were meant to do, even if it’s worlds away from what you’re doing now.

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  Fortress Britain 1940 -...

  Andrew Chatterton

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  Alone, unprepared, and weak. These are generally the words used to describe Britain's position in 1940, part of a narrative that has been built up ever since the end of World War II. However, the reality is very different. On land, sea, and in the air, Britain was prepared. It had the most powerful navy in the world; the RAF was relatively strong, but more importantly, was operating as part of a plan and a joined-up group system that was in reality never in any real danger of being defeated; even the post-Dunkirk British Army was better armed than the post-war narrative tells us. These forces were backed up by the Home Guard, and thousands of men and women in secret roles ready to help fight the invasion of the country. Even if all of this had gone wrong and the Nazis had defeated Britain militarily then a separate, highly secret civilian group were ready to become active only after the occupation had started. 
   
   
   
  One word associated more than any other during this period of the Second World War is 'alone'—Churchill played upon this in his speeches but in 1940, Britain had a hugely powerful empire. Although in many cases this support was thousands of miles away, the Empire and other Allies would have played a huge role had the Germans had invaded, one that has been overlooked in many accounts.

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  Artistry Of Studying The -...

  ian batantu

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  When it comes to studying, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. This engaging and accessible guide shows students how to tailor their learning to their individual needs in order to boost their grades, build their confidence and increase their employability.It contains everything students need to succeed

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