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  Phoenician Language and Writing:...

  Editors Charles River

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  There is no doubt that the alphabets and forms of writing employed by most European languages comes directly from the Phoenicians, but the process by which that took place is still a mystery. Some of the ancient historians provided theories concerning how the Phoenicians gave their alphabet and system of writing to the Greeks, and Herodotus offered an account that is probably more accurate than most. He claimed, “The Phoenicians who came with Cadmus – amongst whom were the Gephyraei – introduced into Greece, after their settlement in the country, a number of accomplishments, of which the most important was writing, an art till then, I think, unknown to the Greeks. At first, they used the same characters as all the other Phoenicians, but as time went on, and they changed their language, they also changed the shape of their letters. At that period most of the Greeks in the neighborhood were Ionians; they were also taught these letters by the Phoenicians and adopted them, with a few alterations, for their own use, continuing to refer to them as Phoenician characters – as was only right, as the Phoenicians had introduced them.”  
  Like many of Herodotus’ other passages in Histories, there is truth wrapped with some errors. The Greeks certainly knew of the concept of writing before the Phoenicians, as the Mycenaeans used the Linear B script, but that knowledge had vanished at the end of the Bronze Age (Morkot 1996, 18). Perhaps what makes Herodotus’ account accurate and most interesting is his description of how the writing evolved. He mentions how the Greeks “changed the shape of their letters”, which is the normal course when any group of people adopts a script to write their native language. For example, there are slight variations in the Latin script employed by most modern Western European languages, such as the umlauts in German or the various accents in French and Spanish.

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  The United States of English -...

  Rosemarie Ostler

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  The story of how English became American—and how it became Southern, Bostonian, Californian, African American, Chicano, elite, working-class, urban, rural, and everything in between 
   
   
   
  By the time of the Revolution, the English that Americans spoke was recognizably different from the British variety. Americans added dozens of new words to the language, either borrowed from Native Americans (raccoon, persimmon, caucus) or created from repurposed English (backwoods, cane brake, salt lick). Americans had their own pronunciations (bath rhymed with hat, not hot) and their own spelling (honor, not honour), not to mention a host of new expressions that grew out of the American landscape and culture (blaze a trail, back track, pull up stakes). Americans even invented their own slang, like stiff as a ringbolt to mean drunk. American English has continued to grow and change ever since. 
   
   
   
  The United States of English tells the engrossing tale of how the American language evolved over four hundred years, explaining both how and why it changed and which parts of the "mother tongue" it preserved (I guess was heard in the British countryside long before it became a typical Americanism). Plentiful examples of the American vernacular, past and present, bring the language to life and make for an engaging as well as enlightening listen.

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  Medieval Society and Culture -...

  Harris Ropes

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  This comprehensive volume brings together five essential topics—Feudalism, Knights and Chivalry, Medieval Education, Medieval Monasticism, and Medieval Medicine—offering a vivid and informative picture of the world between the 5th and 15th centuries. 
  Feudalism unpacks the political and economic system that defined medieval Europe, where land ownership, vassalage, and loyalty structured society and dictated power dynamics. This section reveals how feudal ties affected governance, warfare, and daily life for peasants and nobles alike. 
  Knights and Chivalry delves into the romanticized but complex world of the knight—examining the code of chivalry, the ideals of honor and loyalty, and the brutal realities of medieval warfare and training. It also explores the cultural and symbolic roles knights played in literature and legend. 
  Medieval Education traces the development of learning during the Middle Ages, from cathedral schools to the birth of universities. It examines how knowledge was preserved, transmitted, and expanded by scholars, monks, and philosophers amid religious and political shifts. 
  Medieval Monasticism explores the role of monasteries as spiritual havens and centers of literacy, medicine, and agricultural innovation. Monastic life shaped religious thought, preserved classical texts, and influenced social and economic development across Europe. 
  Medieval Medicine reveals how health and healing were understood in a time when science was interwoven with religion and superstition. This section covers medical practices, key figures, and the influence of classical and Islamic knowledge on medieval health care. 
  Together, these five studies provide a rich understanding of the social fabric and cultural evolution of the medieval world, uncovering the foundations that would influence Europe for centuries.

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  The Final Fight for Freedom -...

  Dane Stewart, Congressman Chris...

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  From New York Times bestselling author Chris Stewart and Dr. Dane Stewart 
   
   
   
  Truth is being destroyed, free speech criminalized, the dollar fast becoming worthless. Ideologues at the helm of Big Tech, Big Media, and Big Business are set on the destruction of capitalism and democracy. Powerful federal agencies are no longer protectors of the people, but their primary adversary. 
   
   
   
  Not since the Civil War has our nation been so divided, bringing us to the edge of national suicide. And our enemies—China being chief among them—see our weakness. If we falter, they will act. 
   
   
   
  Not since World War II have we faced an adversary so determined to achieve global dominance. At this moment, they are perfecting an arsenal of weapons to use against us: Quantum computing. Artificial intelligence. Hypersonic missiles. Bio-warfare. These are threats we must defeat. But before we are able to do that, we must protect ourselves from the enemy within. 
   
   
   
  Many of our forefathers had to fight a Great War to save their freedom. It falls upon this generation to fight two. But we must not lose hope. There is a way to save our nation.

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  Wright Brothers The - The Early...

  Orville Wright, Wilbur Wright

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  Embark on a captivating journey through aviation history with the digital audiobook rendition of 'The Early History of the Airplane' by the pioneers themselves, The Wright Brothers. Discover the awe-inspiring story of their groundbreaking innovations, the challenges they faced, and the triumphs that revolutionized human flight forever. Let their voices transport you through time as you delve into the thrilling narrative of determination, ingenuity, and the soaring spirit of invention. Experience the wonder of flight from the minds that made it all possible, in a gripping audio format that brings their legacy to life.

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  Captain Paul Watson Interview -...

  Paul Watson, Sarah Schuster,...

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  "You can take down an individual, you can take down an organization, but you can't destroy a movement." Paul Watson 
  
  Captain Paul Watson, honored with the Jules Verne Award for his environmental activism in 2012, is a fighter with a clear mission: to protect the world's oceans from illegal exploitation and environmental destruction.
  "If the oceans die, we die." For decades, Paul Watson has risked his life for the conservation and well-being of marine life. At the age of 27, he founded the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. In 1978, the Sea Shepherd became the first ship of the now world-famous fleet with the Jolly Roger flag, modified with a trident and shepherd's crook. In a new expanded edition, including a second interview and numerous extraordinary images from the Sea Shepherd archives, Watson vividly recounts the exciting stages of his unique life, opening up an exclusive insight into his highly politicized arrest in Frankfurt in 2012 and his adventurous escape that sent him on a nerve-wracking journey filled with storms and obstacles.

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