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  Jugurthine War The: The History...

  Editors Charles River

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  Before the Numidians were conquered by the Romans and Numidia was officially made part of Roman Africa, they developed a culture that was as sophisticated and unique as any in the ancient world. The Numidians were a Berber people who emerged from the edge of the desert in the late 2nd millennium BCE, and despite the harshness of their environment (or perhaps because of it), they eventually became the most powerful people in North Africa. The Numidians found success on the backs of horses, which they rode to countless military victories, and when they could not defeat their enemies with conventional tactics, they were not afraid to resort to asymmetrical warfare.  
  	The most famous conflict with the Romans was the Jugurthine War, even though the Romans do not appear to have officially declared war on Numidia. The Romans entered Numidia determined to defeat Jugurtha and his Numidian army in a very conventional way, but having fought alongside and against the Numidians in the Punic Wars, the Romans should have known better, as Jugurtha knew that he had little chance of defeating the Romans in head-to-head combat. Numidia was rich, but it was not as rich as Rome in resources or people, and although the Numidian military was among the best in the Mediterranean at the time, it was not equipped to defeat the Romans.  
  	The most significant aspect of the Jugurthine War was the rivalry that it produced between Marius and Sulla. As was tradition, the commander, Marius, received the credit for the victory, but Sulla resented that his own part was downplayed, in particular his personal success in taking Jugurtha into custody. Sulla had a celebratory ring made to commemorate the event, and he, and the aristocratic faction that supported him, did all they could to enhance the role he had played while minimizing that of Marius.

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  Raymond

  Sir Oliver Lodge

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  "Raymond; or, Life and Death" by Sir Oliver Lodge is a captivating and thought-provoking exploration of the boundaries of existence, taking readers on a profound spiritual journey that delves into life, death, and the realms beyond. The book is rooted in the World War One death of the great physicist's son, and how the dead young man apparently gets back in touch with his living family. A true-life event, "Raymond" is a gripping masterpiece.

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  History of Marathas EP11 - Chaos...

  Vikrant Pande

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  Sambhaji's death was a big blow to the Marathas. He was the rightful heir and a daredevil; someone who could have challenged Aurangzeb had he not been given up by his own family members.
  The Marathas were not to give up so easily. The few years after Sambhaji's death were ruinous and confusing. Sambhaji's younger brother Rajaram, who was nineteen, and his mother Tarabai stayed at the Raigad fort. Yesaji Kank, a veteran since Shivaji's time, did not waste time to declare Rajaram as the king within a week of Sambaji's capture. This was a clear message to the Mughals that the Maratha monarchy was alive and kicking and that the Marathas were too.
  Aurangzeb was not going to sit quietly. He sent Itikad Khan (later called Zulfikar Khan) to Raigad to capture Rajaram and his mother.

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  Native American Legends -...

  Odessa Nightshade

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  For centuries, Native American legends have served as the foundation of cultural identity, spiritual belief, and moral guidance for Indigenous peoples across the continent. These stories, passed down through generations, reflect the deep connection between Native American communities and the natural world, offering insight into their understanding of life, death, and the unseen forces that shape existence. More than just myths, these legends form the backbone of spiritual practices, social structures, and the traditions that continue to thrive today.  
    
  One of the most striking aspects of Native American storytelling is its reliance on oral tradition. Unlike written histories, which remain fixed in time, oral traditions are fluid, evolving with each retelling while preserving the essence of ancestral wisdom. Elders and storytellers pass these tales to younger generations, ensuring the survival of cultural knowledge and reinforcing values such as respect, humility, and harmony with nature. Through storytelling, communities maintain a sense of continuity, bridging the past with the present and preparing future generations for the challenges of life.  
    
  At the heart of Native American legends is an intrinsic connection to the natural world. Many stories revolve around the land, animals, and celestial bodies, portraying them as spiritual entities rather than mere physical elements. Rivers, mountains, and forests are often imbued with sacred significance, serving as homes to powerful spirits or the setting for legendary events. Animals, too, play a vital role, with figures like the wise Raven, the cunning Coyote, and the noble Eagle embodying various aspects of human nature. These stories do not merely explain natural phenomena—they offer guidance on how to coexist with the environment, reinforcing the belief that humans are part of a greater, interconnected whole. 

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  How Tea took over India and Why...

  Amit Schandillia

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  There was a time when coffee ruled Britain. London was practically littered with coffee houses, some of which later spawned the country's stock-trading business. Back home in India, coffee was the beverage of privilege and dominated the Mughal court. Then tea happened and things took a turn. Despite the fact that both the nations had found tea before they found coffee, what changed?

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  Courageous Women of the Bible -...

  Arcelio Hernández Mussio

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  The Bible often remembers and celebrates the names of great men of God. People like Abraham, Moses, David, Paul, Isaiah, and Elijah are well-known for their important roles in the story of God's people. These men are honored for their faith, leadership, and the key parts they played in God's plan. 
  However, as we delve into the Scriptures, we often overlook the equally significant contributions of women of God. The Bible, while rich with the stories of these men, also holds accounts of extraordinary women whose strength, wisdom, and faithfulness were crucial to the unfolding of God's narrative. For instance, Sarah's faith in God's promise of a son, Ruth's loyalty to her mother-in-law, and Mary's acceptance of her role in God's plan. Yet, these women often remain in the background, their stories less frequently told, their virtues less regularly celebrated. 
  This book is a necessary contribution to Christian literature, as it celebrates the strength and wisdom of prominent women in the Bible. In the pages you are about to read, you will get a glimpse into the lives of these extraordinary women. Their faith and actions were significant and played pivotal roles in shaping the Biblical narrative. The book is organized chronologically, starting with the Old Testament and moving through to the New Testament, to provide a comprehensive view of these women's contributions. 
  This book celebrates these 30 women, each embodying unique qualities and virtues that can guide and inspire us in our modern lives. Their stories offer timeless lessons on resilience, faith, leadership, and profound love, demonstrating that the challenges and virtues they faced are just as relevant and applicable in our lives today. Whether it is Hannah's unwavering faith, Abigail's strategic wisdom, or Ruth's selfless loyalty, these women provide powerful examples of how to live with purpose and integrity in our contemporary world.

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