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  The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis...

  Karl Marx

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  "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" is a book written by Karl Marx, a German philosopher and economist, in 1852. The book analyzes the political situation in France during the mid-19th century and provides a critique of the bourgeois republicanism that had taken hold there. 
  The title of the book refers to the date of the coup d'état in which Louis Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, seized power in France. Marx used this event as a lens through which to examine the larger historical forces that had led to the rise of Louis Bonaparte and the decline of the bourgeois republic. 
  In the book, Marx argues that the bourgeois republic had failed to address the fundamental economic and social problems facing France, and that this failure had paved the way for the rise of a new form of authoritarian rule. He believed that the only way to truly address these problems was through a proletarian revolution that would overthrow the capitalist system. 
  "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte" is considered to be one of Marx's most important works, and it has had a significant impact on the field of political theory. The book's analysis of the relationship between economic and political power has influenced generations of scholars and activists, and it continues to be studied and debated to this day.

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  Rare Recording of Marcus Garvey...

  Marcus Garvey

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  Marcus Garvey (August 17, 1887 - June 10, 1940) was a charismatic Jamaican-born political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator. He organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) and acted as its President-General. In 1916 he moved to New York City where his prominence grew. By 1919 he was considered to be the “Black Moses,” and he claimed a following of over 2 million people. This recording is from a speech he gave in the 1920s.

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  The Old Kingdom of Egypt - The...

  Omar Khalil

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  The Old Kingdom of Egypt, often referred to as the “Age of the Pyramids,” marks one of the most prosperous and significant periods in the history of ancient Egypt. This era, which lasted from around 2686 to 2181 BCE, witnessed the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under a single ruler and the establishment of the pharaoh as the central figure of both politics and religion. It was a time when the foundations of the Egyptian state were solidified, and the monumental pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, were built. 
  The rise of the Old Kingdom began with the third dynasty, following the unification of Egypt by King Narmer (also known as Menes). Narmer’s victory over the rival kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt not only led to the establishment of the first dynasty but also laid the groundwork for the idea of divine kingship. The pharaoh, believed to be the living god Horus, became the supreme ruler, a position that was both political and religious. This divine status provided the pharaoh with unquestionable authority, ensuring stability and order across the kingdom. 
  Throughout the Old Kingdom, the notion of kingship was reinforced through monumental construction projects, such as the construction of step pyramids and later the smooth-sided pyramids that are so emblematic of ancient Egypt. The earliest monumental stone structure, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, built during the third dynasty, symbolized the pharaoh’s ability to control nature and destiny. These impressive structures were not just tombs for the pharaohs but also symbols of their eternal power and the journey to the afterlife.

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  Insurrection - Rebellion Civil...

  Hawa Allan

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  The little-known and under-studied 1807 Insurrection Act was passed to give the president the ability to deploy federal military forces to fend off lawlessness and rebellion, but it soon became much more than the sum of its parts. Its power is integrally linked to the perceived threat of black American equity in what lawyer and critic Hawa Allan demonstrates is a dangerous paradox. While the Act was initially used to repress rebellion against slavery, during Reconstruction it was invoked by President Grant to quell white-supremacist uprisings in the South. During the civil rights movement, it enabled the protection of black students who attended previously segregated educational institutions. Most recently, the Insurrection Act has been the vehicle for presidents to call upon federal troops to suppress so-called "race riots" like those in Los Angeles in 1992, and for them to threaten to do so in other cases of racial justice activism. 
   
   
   
  Allan's distinctly literary voice underscores her paradigm-shifting reflections on the presence of fear and silence in history and their shadowy impact on the law. Throughout, she draws revealing insight from her own experiences as one of the only black girls in her leafy Long Island suburb, as a black lawyer at a predominantly white firm, and as a thinker about the use and misuse of appeals to law and order.

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  Of Consolation - To Marcia To...

  Seneca the Younger

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  These three ‘Consolations’, written by Seneca to his mother and two friends, have been described as ‘the crowning achievement in the canon of ‘consolation letters’. But sentimental they are not, for they emerge from the writer’s deep-seated commitment to Stoicism, where individuals are exhorted to inhabit qualities of virtue, positivity, resilience, and indifference. This recording opens with Seneca’s consolatory letter to Marcia, who, after three years, was still mourning the death of her son. He recognises her exceptional personal qualities and what benefits she has brought to her family, having rescued her father’s legacy as a historian following his death. He cites other noble Roman mothers who lost their sons, and enjoins her to adopt a more Stoic attitude of mind: we are all destined to die, he declares.  
  The second letter is to his mother sent after he had been exiled to Corsica by Emperor Caligula. He counsels Helvia not to mourn his absence – not least because he himself does not feel grief at the prospect of his own exile. He acknowledges the trials of his mother during her life, remarking ‘ill-fortune has given you no respite’. But her grief at the absence of her son may be put to one side in the knowledge that as he has ‘never trusted in Fortune,’ she can be comforted that her son is not discommoded. And history points to far harsher separations.  
  The final letter is to Polybius, Emperor Claudius’s Literary Secretary, who was mourning his brother.  Written while in exile, Seneca’s unwavering commitment to Stoic philosophy is again in evidence. One of Seneca’s principal suggestions is for Polybius to distract himself from grief by an increasing involvement in work.  
  These ‘Consolations’ have been widely admired from Classical times to the present, but are periodically questioned for their emphasis on a somewhat detached approach to grief and bereavement. Not all can manage imperturbability in such circumstances. Nevertheless, there is a steadiness and emotional calm in these missives, which Seneca himself displayed when ordered to commit suicide by Emperor Nero.

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  Cicero - A Very Short...

  Yelena Baraz

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  Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BCE) was one of the most influential figures in late republican Rome, a moment of great social, political, and cultural unrest that would lead to the transition from republic to empire. Cicero was a statesman who held the highest political office, the consulship, and then suffered politically motivated exile. His career was grounded in his continued success as an orator: his speeches were famous during his lifetime and, together with his rhetorical treatises, shaped the practice and theory of public speaking for centuries to come. His ideas influenced early church fathers, Renaissance humanists, and Enlightenment thinkers and his dramatic death captured imagination of his contemporaries, who saw it as standing for the death of the republic and eloquence.In this Very Short Introduction, Yelena Baraz presents a concise and integrated account of Cicero's life and accomplishments, locating him within the political and intellectual contexts of his time. It shows that in all his pursuits Cicero saw himself as a mediating figure: between theory and practice, philosophy and politics, Greek and Roman, and among political interest groups. Baraz tackles each area of Cicero's activity on its own terms while showing how overarching ideas and priorities permeate the apparently separate endeavors.

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