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  Economic History of Colombia -...

  Anya Solace

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  The economic history of Colombia is a rich and complex narrative shaped by its colonial past, its struggle for independence, and its evolution into a modern, globalized economy. Colombia’s economic trajectory is marked by cycles of growth, stagnation, and reform, heavily influenced by both internal and external forces. To understand Colombia’s present-day economic standing, it is essential to first explore the historical context that laid the foundation for its economic structure. 
  The history of Colombia’s economy begins with its pre-Colombian civilizations, which thrived through agriculture and trade. The Spanish colonization in the 16th century drastically altered the region's economic systems. Colombia became a key part of the Spanish Empire’s colonial economy, centered on the extraction of gold, silver, and agricultural products. During the colonial era, the economic structure was based on a system of encomiendas, which exploited Indigenous labor, and the export of valuable resources to Spain. This period was foundational in creating the early foundations of the Colombian economy, particularly its dependence on mineral wealth. 
  The struggle for independence from Spain in the early 19th century, which culminated in 1810 with the declaration of independence and a protracted series of wars, significantly disrupted the economy. The wars of independence led to the fragmentation of the region into several separate entities, each facing economic challenges as they sought to stabilize and develop. Upon achieving independence in 1819, Colombia faced a host of problems, including political fragmentation, lack of infrastructure, and limited industrial capacity. These challenges hindered the country's economic development for much of the 19th century.

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  A Strange Whim of the Sea - The...

  Tim Loughman

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  On January 16, 1944, the submarine rescue vessel USS Macaw (ASR-11) ran aground at Midway Atoll while attempting to get a towing line to the stranded submarine USS Flier (SS-250). The Flier was pulled free six days later, but another three weeks of salvage efforts failed to dislodge the Macaw. Then on February 12, the sea accomplished that task, nudging the ship into deeper water. 
   
   
   
  As night fell and the ship slowly sank, the twenty-two men on board sought refuge in the pilot house. By about 0230 Sunday, that compartment having flooded almost entirely, Burton gave the order to open the portside door and make for the foremast. Five of the men, including Burton himself, died, as did three sailors from the base at Midway in a pair of unauthorized and effectively suicidal rescue attempts that morning. 
   
   
   
  This book traces the lives of the Macaw and her enigmatic captain, from birth on San Francisco Bay to death at Midway. Ultimately, for Paul Burton and the Macaw the real enemy was the sea, and in a deadly denouement told here in riveting detail, the sea won. Highlighting the underreported role auxiliary vessels played in the war, A Strange Whim of the Sea should engage the military historian and layperson alike with the previously untold story it tells of struggle, sacrifice, death, and survival in the Pacific in World War II.

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  A Rare Recording of Albert...

  Albert Henry Woolson

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  Albert Henry Woolson (February 11, 1850 - August 2, 1956) was the last known surviving member of the Union Army who served in the American Civil War; he was also the last surviving Civil War veteran on either side whose status is undisputed. Woolson was born in Antwerp, New York, in Jefferson County. His father, Willard Woolson, who enlisted in the Union Army, was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh and later transported to an Army hospital in Windom, Minnesota, where he would die of his wounds. Albert and his mother moved to Windom to accompany his father. Soon after, Albert enlisted as a drummer boy in Company C, 1st Minnesota Heavy Artillery Regiment on October 10, 1864. However, the company never saw action, and Albert Woolson was discharged on September 7, 1865. Woolson returned to Minnesota, where he lived the rest of his life as a carpenter and, later, as a member of the Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.), a powerful political organization made up of Civil War veterans where he became Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief in 1953. The following interview was recorded in 1954.

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  Design Against Racism - Creating...

  Omari Souza

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  A historical and philosophical exploration of the impact of design on underserved communities, examining the field’s shortcomings as well as its potential to create positive change. Through essays that delve into history and practice, and case studies that demonstrate practical strategies, Design Against Racism explores how designers of all disciplines can address, through their work, the legacies of racism and oppression. 
    
  Design profoundly influences culture. The heart of this book is its powerful blend of essays on design history, case studies, and discussions of practical methods to approach design work, adapted from the restorative justice movement. It explores how design as a professional practice and academic discipline directly affects historically excluded communities, offering frameworks and examples that foster collective improvement. 
    
  Topics from author Omari Souza, founder of the annual State of Black Design conference, and contributing design professionals include:  
  • Unveiling the White Gaze: The Narrative of Whiteness and Colonial Nostalgia  
  • Language as a Tool for Marginalization—and Resistance  
  • Hip-Hop Architecture: Transforming Spaces through Culture and Innovation  
  • Afrofuturism as a Design Strategy  
  • Whose Knowledge Is It? Reclaiming Histories, Narratives, and the Plurality of Knowledge  
  • Nonhierarchical Engagement with Communities—Anti-Racist Design Community Pop-Up  
    
  This is a critique of design and a practical handbook that will teach designers and educators how a restorative justice approach can transform their design practice to counteract and fight racism. 
    
  TIMELY AND ESSENTIAL TOPICS: Thought-provoking essays from leaders in design diversity offer an anti-racist approach to design practice based in an understanding of history, a focus on community building, and a commitment to inclusion. 
    
  AUTHOR & CONTRIBUTORS: Omari Souza is an Assistant Professor of Communication Design at the University of North Texas and co-host of the highly acclaimed minisode podcast The Design of Business | The Business of Design. Contributors include preeminent design professionals George Fourlas, Shamika Klassen, Kaleena Sales, Zariah Cameron, Lesley-Ann Noel, Cassini Nazir, Yolanda A. Rankin, Soniyah Robinson, and Danielle Lake. 
    
  Perfect for:  
  • Student and professional design practitioners of all disciplines, including graphic designers, product designers, architects, and more  
  • Course adoption for design programs  
  • Anyone eager to explore the themes of anti-racism and decolonizing design

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  The Nile's Gift - The Story of...

  Priyank Agrawal

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  The Nile's Gift: The Story of Ancient Egypt is an immersive journey through one of the world’s most fascinating and enduring civilizations. From the lush banks of the Nile to the towering pyramids and majestic temples, this book explores the rich tapestry of ancient Egyptian history, culture, and religion. It delves into the lives of the pharaohs, the complexities of their society, and the grandeur of their architectural and artistic achievements. 
  In vivid detail, this work uncovers the mysteries of Egypt’s monumental past, from the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt to the rise of the New Kingdom, and the profound influence of Egyptian mythology, art, and science on the modern world. The book also explores the rich legacy of ancient Egypt in shaping contemporary architecture, art, religion, and governance. 
  Through captivating storytelling and scholarly analysis, The Nile’s Gift paints a comprehensive portrait of Egypt’s glory and its lasting impact on the world. With a focus on both historical figures like the boy king Tutankhamun and the visionary Hatshepsut, and the secrets of daily life, religion, and the afterlife, this book invites readers to discover why Egypt’s story still matters today. Rich in detail, deeply researched, and beautifully written, it is a celebration of a civilization that continues to captivate and inspire people across the globe.

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  Guy Gibson: The Life and Legacy...

  Editors Charles River

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  Given the RAF’s importance, it should come as no surprise that some of the pilots ranked among Britain’s most recognized war heroes, and Guy Gibson remains one of the most famous and highly decorated British soldiers in World War II. His exploits in the RAF as the leader of the audacious raid to blow up German dams in May 1943 remain renowned, and for generations of British boys after the war, he served as the benchmark of a legendary hero. His tragic death at the young age of 26 only served to deepen his mythology, but his war record was impressive even before his most famous missions, with three operational tours of duty under his belt. 
  The mythmaking aside, Gibson was a complex and controversial character, probably caused, in part, by a turbulent and disrupted upbringing. Although his bravery, self-sacrifice, and leadership in battle were undeniable and highly impressive, he could be demanding and difficult to get along with. It is probably fair to say he was not universally loved by the crews and service personnel who served alongside him, and he after the Dam Busters raid, he embarked on a months-long tour of the United States and Canada that many (including Air Officer Commanding Bomber Commander Arthur “Bomber” Harris) felt had gone to his head slightly. After the raid and the fame, he drifted somewhat, having been forbidden from flying in further operations (which he bypassed in the end). He wrote a book about his exploits as a bomber pilot, Enemy Coast Ahead, and was interviewed on radio programs. He flirted with politics, applying for and succeeding in becoming the Conservative Party’s prospective candidate for Macclesfield in 1944 before withdrawing, claiming the war still required his attention. After D-Day on June 6, 1944, Gibson seemed to feel an urgent need to get back into operations for fear of missing out.

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