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  Phenomenology - Philosophy and...

  Hector Davidson

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  Phenomenology is a branch of philosophy that seeks to explore and describe the structures of experience as they present themselves to consciousness. Rooted in the Greek words phainomenon (meaning "that which appears") and logos (meaning "study" or "discourse"), phenomenology is concerned with the direct investigation and description of phenomena as consciously experienced, without recourse to theories about their causal explanation or objective reality. It aims to understand the essence of experiences, focusing on how things are perceived, rather than on external facts or empirical data. 
  Edmund Husserl, often regarded as the father of phenomenology, established the discipline in the early 20th century. His groundbreaking work sought to return philosophy to the "things themselves," emphasizing the need to examine experiences without preconceived notions or biases. Husserl introduced the concept of intentionality, the idea that consciousness is always directed toward something—it is always consciousness of something. This fundamental notion shifted the focus from the contents of the mind to the ways in which objects are experienced, highlighting the inseparable relationship between the subject and the object in acts of consciousness. 
  Phenomenology differs from other philosophical approaches in that it does not seek to explain experiences through causal or scientific means. Instead, it adopts a descriptive method, aiming to reveal the underlying structures that make experience possible. Through techniques such as epoché (the suspension of judgment about the external world) and phenomenological reduction (focusing solely on the contents of consciousness), phenomenologists attempt to uncover the pure essence of experiences, free from external assumptions.

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  Race for Nuclear Weapons during...

  Editors Charles River

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  Before the Second World War, military conflicts were fought under orthodox conditions, usually termed “conventional warfare,” but several innovations had significantly changed combat, leading inextricably to the race for a nuclear weapon in the 1930s and 1940s. Conflicts had been fought by armies on horseback with guns of varying sophistication since the 16th century, but mechanized warfare and machine guns changed this calculus and set the stage for future combat by the end of World War I. Other sinister changes entered the fray during this conflict, such as chemical weapons like chlorine and mustard gas. The total warfare brought about by World War I and ensuing wars like the Spanish Civil War made the quest for the most powerful weapons somewhat necessary. 
  The Manhattan Project would ultimately yield the “Little Boy” and “Fat Man” bombs that released more than 100 Terajoules of energy at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but as it turned out, the Axis were not far behind with their own nuclear weapons program. When the Nazis’ quest for a nuclear weapon began in earnest in 1939, no one really had a handle on how important nuclear weapons would prove to war and geopolitics. The attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, along with the Cold War-era tests and their accompanying mushroom clouds, would demonstrate the true power and terror of nuclear weapons, but in the late 1930s these bombs were only vaguely being thought through, particularly after the successful first experiment to split the atom by a German scientist. The nuclear age itself was in its infancy, barely 35 years old, but within a few short years the advent of nuclear war loomed over the world and the prospect of the enemy winning the nuclear race kept Allied leaders awake at night.

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  Summary of Philip Houston...

  Falcon Press

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  Buy now to get the main key ideas from Philip Houston, Michael Floyd & Susan Carnicero's Spy the Lie 
    
  What if you could learn to root out lies like the CIA? In Spy the Lie (2012), former CIA polygraph examiners Philip Houston, Michael Floyd, Susan Carnicero, and co-writer Don Tennant detail a system anyone can use to detect deception and spot lies. It’s based on the deception-detection method that was developed in the CIA, chiefly by Houston. 
  To discover untruths, you begin by asking effective questions and making a systematic analysis of a subject’s verbal and non-verbal behaviors. When you find indicators of deception, you’ll know the areas where more digging is required – enabling you to spy the lie.

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  Black Tax - Burden or Ubuntu?

  Niq Mhlongo (Ed.)

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  The real significance of this book lies in the fact that it tells us more about the everyday life of black South Africans. It delves into the essence of black family life and the secret anguish of family members who often battle to cope. – Niq Mhlongo 
  A secret torment for some, a proud responsibility for others, ‘black tax’ is a daily reality for thousands of black South Africans. In this thought-provoking and moving anthology, a provocative range of voices share their deeply personal stories. 
  With the majority of black South Africans still living in poverty today, many black middle-class households are connected to working-class or jobless homes. Some believe supporting family members is an undeniable part of African culture and question whether it should even be labelled as a kind of tax. 
  Others point to the financial pressure it places on black students and professionals, who, as a consequence, struggle to build their own wealth. Many feel they are taking over what is essentially a government responsibility. 
  The contributions also investigate the historical roots of black tax, the concept of the black family and the black middle class. In giving voice to so many different perspectives, Black Tax hopes to start a dialogue on this widespread social phenomenon.

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  Longships on Restless Seas

  History Nerds

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  For centuries, a fire swept through Europe. It raged on and on, putting nations and kingdoms at its mercy, and that fire came from the North. Due to a series of socio-political triggers, the Vikings emerged from their northern homes in Scandinavia and swept all across the realms of Europe - south, east, west, and north. Mastering the navigation of the oceans and dominating the riverways, these vicious Northmen embarked upon their swift longships and introduced an entirely new chapter of Europe's history. Merciless in war and cunning in trade, they found their place in faraway nations. From Ireland, Iceland, Scotland, and Greenland, down to the Iberian Peninsula and into France, North Africa, and the distant lands in the east, the Northmen left their mark.

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  Speak of It - A Memoir

  Marcos McPeek Villatoro

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  In Speak of It, Marcos McPeek Villatoro explores how he channeled his Latino roots to come to terms with the childhood sexual abuse he suffered at the hands of a relative in his home in Appalachia, and he recounts his ensuing struggle with trauma and mental illness. 
   
   
   
  The son of a Salvadoran mother and Scotch Irish mechanic father, Marcos spent much of his life trying to break away from his Southern Appalachian past and the trauma experienced there and striving to get closer to his Salvadoran heritage. His journey includes steeping himself in the Spanish language and Latin American literature, especially the work of Gabriel García Marquez; a stint in Nicaragua with Witness for Peace, followed by missionary work in Guatemala; and social-justice work with Mexican migrant farmworkers in Alabama. Each experience brought him closer to understanding where he came from and to forging an identity as a whole self in the wake of trauma. 
   
   
   
  Riveting, horrifying, moving, and inspiring, Speak of It is a testament to the healing power of language, books, and identity.

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