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  Black Holes and Beyond - The...

  Dirk Fallon

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  Black holes are some of the most fascinating and mysterious objects in the universe. These regions of space are so dense that their gravitational pull is strong enough to prevent anything, even light, from escaping. The term "black hole" was first coined by physicist John Archibald Wheeler in 1967, though the concept dates back to the early 20th century, when Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity suggested that objects could collapse into singularities, points of infinite density. A black hole is the result of such a collapse, where a star's mass is concentrated in an infinitely small space. 
  At the heart of a black hole is the singularity, surrounded by a boundary known as the event horizon. The event horizon marks the point beyond which nothing can escape the black hole’s gravitational influence. This includes not only matter but also radiation, which is why black holes appear "black." Despite their invisibility, black holes are detectable through their interactions with surrounding matter, such as the accretion of gas and dust that emits detectable radiation. 
  The formation of a black hole typically begins when a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel. Without the outward pressure from nuclear fusion to counterbalance gravity, the core of the star collapses under its own weight. If the star is massive enough, this collapse can continue, compressing the core into a singularity. The outer layers of the star are expelled in a supernova explosion, and the remaining core becomes a black hole.

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  Alien Question The: The History...

  Editors Charles River

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  The question of man’s place in the extended universe has been pondered by every known culture since the beginning of recorded history. Lacking the means to prove otherwise, discussions of an alternative to Earth’s solitary existence have remained conceptual. The ongoing debate is spurred by the appearance of unexplainable phenomena through the centuries in the atmosphere and the space beyond. Naturally, as technological advances and the creation of flying aircraft became realities, the sighting of UFOs increased, as did the interest in potential contact with aliens. While incidents like the one at Roswell led to conspiracies and a craze among those who insisted the government was hiding proof of extraterrestrials’ existence, governments across the world were actually secretly studying UFO sightings by the mid-20th century. 
  Given all of that, it would hardly be groundbreaking for scientists in the 20th century to have a lunchtime discussion in which the search for extraterrestrial life arises, and the question of where it might reside is innocuous enough. However, a furor was created somewhat innocently when physicist Enrico Fermi voiced his “casual lunchtime remark” in the presence of colleagues in 1950. The august company included Edward Teller, a Hungarian physicist, Herbert York, am American nuclear physicist whose lineage included Mohawk heritage, and Emil Konopinski, a nuclear physicist of Polish origin. Fermi himself, an Italian-American born in Rome, was renowned for developing a statistical base for subatomic phenomena, work on nuclear alterations caused by neutrons, and for leading the first controlled chain reaction from nuclear fission. In pursuit of managing the atom, he created the first nuclear reactor. A gifted theoretician, he advanced the field of statistical mechanics, and won the Nobel Prize over a decade before he asked his important question.

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  Time Series Databases - A...

  SAM CAMPBELL

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  "Time Series Databases: A Practical Guide to Storing, Analyzing, and Visualizing Time-Stamped Data" is the definitive guide to understanding and utilizing time series databases for anyone looking to harness the power of time-stamped data. This comprehensive book is designed for data scientists, engineers, and analysts who are diving into time series data analysis for the first time or looking to expand their knowledge of time series database management. 
  Time series data, characterized by its sequential nature and timestamped entries, is critical in various domains such as financial markets, internet of things (IoT) applications, environmental monitoring, and more. This book begins with a foundational introduction to time series data, exploring its importance, characteristics, and the unique challenges it presents in storage, analysis, and visualization. 
  "Time Series Databases: A Practical Guide to Storing, Analyzing, and Visualizing Time-Stamped Data" is packed with practical examples, code snippets, and exercises to apply what you've learned. Whether you're monitoring environmental sensors, analyzing financial market trends, or tracking user activity on a website, this book will equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to leverage time series databases effectively. 
  By the end of this book, readers will have a solid understanding of time series databases and be well-equipped to tackle the unique challenges of time-stamped data, from efficient storage and analysis to insightful visualization and forecasting. 
   

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  Human-Centered AI

  Ben Shneiderman

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  Researchers, developers, business leaders, policy makers, and others are expanding the technology-centered scope of artificial intelligence (AI) to include human-centered AI (HCAI) ways of thinking. This expansion from an algorithm-focused view to embrace a human-centered perspective can shape the future of technology to better serve human needs.The remarkable progress in algorithms for machine and deep learning have opened the doors to new opportunities, and some dark possibilities. However, as many technology companies and thought leaders have said, the goal is not to replace people, but to empower them by making design choices that give humans control over technology.In Human-Centered AI, Professor Ben Shneiderman aims to produce an optimistic, realistic, guide to how artificial intelligence can be used to augment and enhance humans' lives. This project bridges the gap between ethical considerations and practical realities to make successful, reliable systems. Digital cameras, communications services, and navigation apps are just the beginning. Shneiderman shows how future applications will support health and wellness, improve education, accelerate business, and connect people in reliable, safe, and trustworthy ways that respect human values, rights, justice, and dignity.

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  Ultimate Guide to Hobby Farm...

  Sue Weaver, Chris McLaughlin,...

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  A single, information-packed volume with everything a hobby farmer needs to know about farm animals, this newly updated and comprehensive manual to selecting, caring for, and breeding livestock brings forth the expertise of five hobby farmers, each of whom has real-life on-the-farm experience with the animals discussed. Whether you're contemplating adding a small herd of sheep or goats to your existing hobby farm or you've always wondered about the benefits of raising angora rabbits or Muscovy ducks, this must-have resource provides the kind of guidance you need to begin a herd or flock and expand your pens and fencing. With exhaustive detail, the authors offer complete coverage of chickens, ducks, goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, and rabbits, including the housing, healthcare, special needs, advantages, and challenges of each. Also provided are strategies for marketing and selling your animals' meat, milk, eggs, fleece, or feathers, plus overviews on the animals' history, their behavioral traits, personal anecdotes, and more. New to this edition is updated information across all topics for the most complete and up-to-date insight in hobby farming, from shelter, care, health, and medicine to nutrition, behavior, marketing, and profit.

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  Quantum Gravity - Theories about...

  Steff Jaywan

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  Quantum gravity is a field of theoretical physics that aims to describe the gravitational force according to the principles of quantum mechanics. 
  General relativity, developed by Albert Einstein, describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. It works extremely well at large scales, such as in predicting planetary orbits and the behavior of black holes. On the other hand, quantum mechanics deals with the fundamental behavior of particles at the smallest scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles. It incorporates principles like wave-particle duality, quantization, and uncertainty. 
  Despite their success, general relativity and quantum mechanics are fundamentally incompatible. General relativity treats gravity as a smooth, continuous field, while quantum mechanics relies on quantized fields and inherently probabilistic events. When attempting to describe situations where both quantum effects and strong gravitational effects are significant, such as in the vicinity of black holes or during the Big Bang, the theories conflict. Quantum gravity aims to unify these two frameworks. 
  Several approaches have been proposed to formulate a theory of quantum gravity. String theory proposes that fundamental particles are not point-like but instead one-dimensional "strings" that vibrate at different frequencies. This theory inherently includes gravity and attempts to unify all fundamental forces. Loop quantum gravity (LQG) focuses on quantizing spacetime itself, positing that spacetime has a discrete structure at the smallest scales and attempts to describe the quantum properties of spacetime directly, without relying on a background.

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