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  Ivan Pavlov - A Very Short...

  Daniel P. Todes

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  Daniel P. Todes provides concise introduction to the life and science of the great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Todes weaves together Pavlov's life, values, context, and science by focusing upon his quest to understand the psyche and the "torments of our consciousness."This introduction follows the origins and maturation of Pavlov's quest from his early life in a priestly family in provincial Riazan, to his struggles and late professional success in the glittering capital of St. Petersburg, through the cataclysmic destruction of his world during the Bolshevik seizure of power and civil war of 1917-1921, to the rebuilding of his life in his 70s as a "prosperous dissident" during the Leninist 1920s, and his success and personal torments in 1929-1936 during the industrialization, cultural revolution, and terror of Stalin times.Beyond a basic biography, Todes devotes particular attention to Pavlov's Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion (1891-1903) and his iconic studies of conditional reflexes and higher nervous activity (1903-1936), as well as his experiments with dogs. Todes shows that Pavlov was not a behaviorist, did not use a bell, and was uninterested in training dogs. The Russian scientist sought to explain not merely external behaviors, but the emotional and intellectual life of animals and humans.

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  Gracchi The: The Lives and...

  Charles River Editors

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  According to tradition, the Roman Republic came into being in 509 B.C. following the overthrow of the monarchy, and it ended in 27 B.C. when Augustus became the first emperor. During this period of nearly 500 years, Rome grew from a relatively small Italian city to a superpower that dominated the entire Mediterranean world, but the Roman Republic was characterized by an interminable internal power struggle between the aristocratic and populist factions (the Optimates and Populares) for control of the state and the distribution of its wealth. The changes brought about by the Gracchi Brothers, in particular during the 2nd century B.C., was part of a campaign to wrest power from the aristocratic party, the Optimates, and they would prove pivotal in preparing the way for Rome's ultimate transition into an Imperialist government.  
  	Despite the fact that they belonged to the upper class, the Gracchi brothers were the first to actively champion the interests of the poor in Roman politics, and in doing so, they created a new partisan divide in the government, which separated politicians into two factions: those who appealed to the rights of the common people (the Populares), and those who believed that power should reside firmly in the hands of the aristocracy (the Optimates).[1] The office of tribune, in particular, came to be used by Populares who used their influence with the people to pass similar reforms relating to land ownership and the rights of citizens, building their political platforms on the premise of giving more power to the people. 	As leaders of the Populares, the Gracchi brothers would have never advocated a monarchical political system themselves, but their role in Rome's political history was to lay the foundations that led to the rise of Caesar and Augustus.

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  The Last Gangster

  George Anastasia

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  Journalist George Anastasia’s New York Times bestseller The Last Gangster is a revelatory biography of mobster turned informant Ron Previte. 
   
  “It’s over. You’d have to be Ray Charles not to see it.” —former New Jersey capo Ron Previte, on the mob today  
   
  As a cop, Ron Previte was corrupt. As a mobster he was brutal. And in his final role, as a confidential informant to the FBI, Previte was deadly. The Last Gangster is his story—the story of the last days of the Philadelphia Mob, and of the clash of generations that brought it down once and for all.  
   
  For thirty-five years Ron Previte roamed the underworld. A six-foot, 300-pound capo in the Philadelphia-South Jersey crime family, he ran every mob scam and gambit from drug trafficking and prostitution to the extortion of millions from Atlantic City. In his own words, “Every day was a different felony.” By the 1990s, old-school workhorse Previte found himself answering to younger mob bosses like “Skinny Joe” Merlino, who seemed increasingly spoiled, cocky, and careless.  
   
  Convinced that the honor of the “business” was gone, he became the FBI’s secret weapon in an intense and highly personalized war on the Philadelphia mob. Operating with the same guile, wit, and stone-cold bravado that had made him a force in the underworld—and armed with only a wiretap secured to his crotch—Previte recorded it all; the murder, the mayhem, and even the story of mob boss Ralph Natale’s affair with his youngest daughter’s best friend. Previte and his FBI cronies eventually prevailed, securing the convictions of his nemeses, “Skinny Joey” Merlino and Ralph Natale.

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  Predicting Pearl Harbor - Billy...

  Ronald Drez

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  The story of “a military aviation pioneer and patriot who tried—and failed—to warn [about] an attack on Pearl Harbor almost two decades before it occurred” (San Antonio Express-News).   Ever since Commodore Matthew Perry’s 1853 voyage into Japanese waters, the United States and Japan had been on a collision course. Gen. Billy Mitchell recognized the signs and foresaw the eventual showdown between the two nations—eighteen years before the tragedy of Pearl Harbor. When he traveled to Japan disguised as a tourist in 1924, what he found was a nation that had embraced a philosophy of isolationism. Japan had defeated China and Russia on the battlefield decades before, due in part to a veil of secrecy. China and Russia were nearly unable to carry out espionage missions against their enemy.   Yet Mitchell’s predictions were dismissed out of hand, and his attempts to have his theories taken seriously led to scorn and a subsequent court martialing. In this book, primary-source documents, memoirs, and firsthand testimonies deliver an exhaustive background to Mitchell’s prescient reports. Historian Ronald J. Drez presents an engaging account of the life and career of the man who not only foresaw the event that brought the United States into the Second World War, but also shaped the future of military air power—finally giving credence to the man called the “Cassandra General.”

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  The Plague and I

  Betty MacDonald

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  Thanks to vaccines, tuberculosis is rare in North America today and, thanks to antibiotics, relatively treatable. This wasn’t the case in 1938, when Betty MacDonald was diagnosed.“Perhaps the funniest book I’ve ever read. But then each time I read The Egg And I, I think the same thing. Both make me snort out loud. I laugh until I weep…” Mrs. Meers, Goodreads, 2008 (print edition).It was more common and often deadly. The only hope for a cure was treatment in a sanitorium, which was costly. For those who couldn’t afford it, there were public facilities with long wait lists. It was into one of these, Firland Sanitorium (The Pines in The Plague and I), that Betty MacDonald was lucky enough to go in 1938. With the same abundant wry humor and keen observation of people that made her first book, The Egg and I, so immensly popular, MacDonald describes life at The Pines. Her account of her year there is a rare look at a kind of medicine no longer practiced by a rare writer: one of the premiere memoirists of her era, … one of the first Seattleites to achieve world-wide recognition, and … a gifted writer who was able to translate her difficult — even grim — life experiences into books whose biting humor and vivid storytelling strikes readers … both hilarious and reassuring. (Paula Becker, hisotryling.org)

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  Summary: The Light We Carry -...

  Brooks Bryant

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  DISCLAIMER: This is NOT the official book. This is a summary & it does NOT accompany the official book. 
  This summary book condenses the essence of her memoir, capturing her inspiring life trajectory and the transformative lessons it carries. It presents the defining moments of her life, the struggles faced, the triumphs savored, and the wisdom earned. From the trials of political life to the joys of family and the tireless advocacy for women's rights, the light she carries shines bright in every endeavor. 
  Delve into the powerful summary of "The Light we Carry" by Michelle Obama, and allow the lessons from her life to illuminate your own path. This book is not just a recounting of a remarkable life—it's an inspiring narrative, a treasure trove of wisdom, and a testament to the transformative power of resilience and hope.

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