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  The Problems of Philosophy

  Bertrand Russell

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  In this book, Russell tackles some of the most fundamental questions of human existence and provides a clear and concise introduction to the field of philosophy. Throughout the book, Russell's writing is clear, engaging, and accessible, making complex philosophical ideas understandable to readers with little or no background in the field. "The Problems of Philosophy" is a must-read for anyone interested in philosophy, and a great starting point for those new to the subject. Read in English, unabridged.

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  Slave Uprisings that Shook the...

  Editors Charles River

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  As the issue of slavery roiled the country, few people became as controversial or consequential as Nat Turner, who was one of millions of slaves in the South before the Civil War but ultimately led the nation’s most notorious slave uprising. In August 1831, Turner led a rebellion that terrorized Virginia for several days, killing dozens of whites and freeing slaves as his band moved from plantation to plantation. The Richmond Enquirer reported, “A fanatic preacher by the name of Nat Turner (Gen. Nat Turner) who had been taught to read and write, and permitted to go about preaching in the country, was at the bottom of this infernal brigandage. He was artful, impudent and vindicative, without any cause or provocation, that could be assigned.” Even after the uprising was put down, Turner evaded capture for a few months, and after he was captured, his “confessions” were taken down and published before he was executed. Virginia would put a total of 56 slaves to death for the uprising. 
  While Turner’s rebellion remains famous today, a far larger uprising took place a generation earlier. In January 1811, hundreds of slaves in Louisiana attempted to make a new beginning for themselves or die trying. Armed with muskets, cane knives, and axes, and wearing stolen United States militia uniforms, they set out to conquer the city of New Orleans. The goal was to establish a free republic where slavery was outlawed and blacks had control over their own lives. Understandably discontented with their status and no longer willing to accept it, they were ready to engage in extreme violence to win their freedom, fully aware that death would be the only alternative.  
  The fallout from John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was intense. In the South, conspiracy theories ran wild about who had supported the raid, and Brown’s raid has often been considered one of the main precursors to the Civil War.

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  Black Death - Causes Fatalities...

  Kelly Mass

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  Here we have it: We may be looking at the years 2020-2021 and think a certain virus has been bad for the world population. However, what happened in these two years is nothing, proportionally, to the hundreds of millions of people who got wiped out by rat infestations spreading insanitary bacteria, resulting in the disease and death of huge parts of the European population in the mid-centuries. 
  The genesis or origin of the Black Death is a point of contention. The epidemic started in Central Asia or East Asia, but it wasn't till 1347 that it made its conclusive presence in Crimea. It spread out through the Mediterranean Basin, reaching Africa, Western Asia, and the remainder of Europe through Constantinople, Sicily, and the Italian Peninsula, probably brought by fleas surviving on black rats carried by Genoese servant ships. There's proof that the Black Death was spread out in big part by fleas-- which trigger pneumonic plague-- and the person-to-person contact by means of aerosols that pneumonic plague permits, which would clarify the epidemic's fast inland spread out, which would be expected if the main vector was rat fleas triggering bubonic plague. 
  The Black Death was the 2nd significant natural catastrophe to strike Europe in the late Middle Ages (the first being the Great Scarcity of 1315-- 1317), killing between 30 and sixty percent of Europe's population. 
  In the 14th century, the plague disease might have decreased the worldwide population from c. 475 million to 350-- 375 million. So, more than 100 million people died from it, which was almost a fourth of the world’s population. 
  To mention that such were difficult times, is an understatement. My empathy for those unfortunate souls has reached an entire new level of suffering. I don’t know about you, but when I did my research, I wanted to know more about it. I hope you feel the same way.

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  The Principles of Communism

  Friedrich Engels

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  The Principles of Communism by Friedrich Engels is a foundational political text that outlines the core tenets of communism in a concise and accessible format. Written in 1847 as a preparatory document for the Communist League, the book is structured as a series of questions and answers, making it straightforward for readers to grasp. Engels explores key concepts such as the historical development of class struggles, the rise of capitalism, the exploitation of the working class, and the necessity of a proletarian revolution. He advocates for the abolition of private property, the establishment of collective ownership of the means of production, and the eventual creation of a classless, stateless society. Serving as a precursor to *The Communist Manifesto*, this work provides invaluable insights into the ideological foundations of Marxist theory and remains an important text in the history of socialist thought.

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  Catholics and Contempt - How...

  John L. Allen

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  The culture of contempt—the lust to wound perceived opponents who are seen not just as wrong but as evil—has become global in scope. Fed by the rise of “cheap speech” in media, seismic shifts in digital technology, and a boom industry based on selling outrage, people are increasingly unable to understand, much less dialogue with, their ideological rivals. The Catholic Church understands itself as the evangelizer of culture; yet this culture of contempt has evangelized much of the Church. A distressing range of Catholic media platforms and commentators have introduced the poison of contempt into the heart of Catholic life—and with exacting fidelity. In this timely and important new book, Vatican journalist and Crux Editor John L. Allen Jr. offers a bracing analysis of our fractured Catholic media landscape. Examining six case studies of the culture of contempt wounding the Church—four from around the globe, and two from the United States—Allen offers not only a sobering look at the direction Catholic media has headed, but an urgent call for it to change course.

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  Hygiene in World History

  Peter N. Stearns

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  This book features a global, historical analysis of the changes and continuities in one of society's basic functions: seeking to protect itself from disease. 
   
  Hygiene offers an important lens for major aspects of world and comparative history. The volume explores the ways different regions and major religions approached hygiene both before modern times and through the present with the more recent uses of germ theory. Topics in "premodern" hygiene include toilet practices, remarkably varied views about bathing, and different levels of commitment to investments in hygiene infrastructure. The "sanitary revolution" of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries forms a major dividing line in the book, including the variations introduced by developments like colonialism or communism and various forms of resistance to "modern" hygiene. The book links current, often bitter, debates about hygiene, around practices such as masking, both to the larger history and to recent issues like COVID-19. 
   
  Hygiene in World History is an accessible overview aimed at undergraduate and non-specialist listeners interested in world history, public health, and the history of health and disease.

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