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  Arab Sieges of Constantinople...

  Charles River Editors

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  For nearly a thousand years, the Byzantine Empire protected Europe from Islamic powers, allowing it to pursue its own destiny, and Byzantium was a polyglot society in which a multitude of ethnic groups lived under the emperor prizing peace above war. Of course, it wasn’t an accident that Constantinople survived for so long. Since ancient times, settlements have been protected by walls, ranging from simple earth fortifications, mounds, and ditches to sophisticated structures incorporating gates and watchtowers.  
  Amid the upheaval in the Islamic world following Muhammad’s death, the Umayyad Caliphate lasted for less than a century, but it spent that time becoming one of the most influential of the major caliphates. The Umayyads also constantly fought the Byzantines, and on August 15, 717, their formidable army, under the command of General Maslama ibn 'Abd al-Malik, arrived in Thrace and laid siege to the imposing walls of Constantinople. This event, which lasted a full year until August 15, 718, represented the apex of the Islamic expansionist project aimed at definitively eradicating the Byzantine Empire and subjugating its seemingly impregnable capital. The siege of 717–718 was of great significance, marking a crucial and irreversible turning point in the history of Europe and the Middle East.  
  The remarkable resistance of Constantinople was not just a stroke of good fortune, but a decisive turning point that permanently halted the Islamic expansion into Eastern Europe. The Byzantine victory was the result of a potent blend of military architecture, technological superiority, environmental conditions that were disastrous for the invaders, and astute strategic diplomacy. The definitive failure of the invasion project ultimately forced the caliphate to abandon the idea of conquering the Byzantine Empire.

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  World War II - Scottish Tales of...

  Allan Burnett

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  Acclaimed children's author Allan Burnett turns his attention to the Second World War in a book of explosively exciting and emotionally charged tales of bravery and adventure. Featuring the true exploits of soldiers, spies, pilots, sailors and many others, these stories, all based on interviews with these heroes themselves or their descendants, offer a unique, personal insight into the Second World War that no conventional history book can ever hope to match.

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  Discourse on Method

  René Descartes

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  Discourse on Method is a philosophical and autobiographical work by the French philosopher René Descartes. It was published in 1637 and is considered one of the most influential works in the history of modern Western philosophy. 
  The main purpose of Discourse on Method is to outline Descartes' method of systematic doubt and his search for certain knowledge. Descartes was skeptical of traditional sources of knowledge, such as authority, tradition, and sensory experience, and believed that true knowledge could only be obtained through reason and intuition. 
  In the work, Descartes also presents his famous dictum "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), which he uses as the starting point for his philosophy. He argues that the very act of thinking proves one's existence, and that this provides a firm foundation for all knowledge. 
  Discourse on Method is also notable for its contributions to the development of analytical geometry, as Descartes uses his method to develop a new system of algebraic notation and a way to graph equations. 
  Overall, Discourse on Method is an important work in the history of philosophy and science, and its influence can still be seen in contemporary debates about the nature of knowledge and the role of reason in human understanding.

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  Was Muhammad Crazy?

  Frédéric Joy

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  Through a careful psychological re-reading of the Qur'an and other biographical sources about Muhammad, the author identifies the pathological symptoms of the prophet of Islam. His diagnosis is unambiguous: the man suffered from a querulous paranoia with dissociative identity disorder. 
  The author shows that Mohammed identified himself with previous prophets (Jesus and Moses in particular), whom he plagiarized. Adapting their words and deeds to the culture of the Arab world, he imposed these new doctrines on his people primarily through direct aggression and political manipulation. Yet, Islam was phenomenally successful during his lifetime and over the centuries. 
  At this point, another question arises: How did Muhammad manage to convince the masses? The author then analyzes the personality of the submissive people and the success of this religion through the centuries. The author also deconstructs all the scientific and philosophical presuppositions behind the Muslim religion (cosmology, biology, psychology, etc.). Muhammad's moral and political discourse is confronted with its own contradictions.

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  Random Psychology Facts That...

  Lana Preston

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  Drift into deep sleep with soothing psychology facts designed to quiet the mind and ease nighttime anxiety.
   
  Combat insomnia and banish racing thoughts by immersing yourself in a tranquil stream of low-stakes knowledge. This auditory experience is specifically engineered to create a peaceful mood essential for a restorative bedtime routine, allowing you to disconnect from the day's stress.
   
  Experience a scientifically grounded path to rest:
  
  Gentle Neuroscience: Understand why the brain finds profound comfort in routine and repetition.
  Stress-Free Learning: Absorb low-stakes trivia about perception and memory that requires zero retention.
  Rhythmic Relaxation: Listen to long, even sentences structured to slow your heart rate.
  Seamless Transitions: Drift through hazy ideas that mimic the natural onset of dreaming.
  
   
  As the narration progresses, the content shifts from concrete facts to abstract daydreams, mirroring the psychological edge of sleep. Allow these soft, meandering concepts to wash over you, providing a safe mental anchor that guides you effortlessly from waking life into the deep rest you deserve.

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  Stress And Anxiety Management &...

  Charlie Mason

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  Stress And Anxiety Management: 
  Are you suffering from stress, anxiety, or panic attacks and are looking for a lasting solution?You have come to the right place! 
  This book seeks to equip you with understanding and techniques to help you shift your thinking so that you can better respond to negative emotions. The solution is not out there—it is right inside of you, and this book seeks to help you activate it. 
  The good news here is that stress and anxiety management does not have to be a daunting task. Herein you will find techniques that you can practice anywhere—be it at home, in the office, or even while traveling. 
  CBT is your permanent stress solution—guiding you on how to alter your thinking and perceptions so that you can face life’s situations without worrying yourself sick, literally. Coping with stress has never been easier.Alcohol Addiction:Alcohol is a wonderful thing. It can be used for celebrations, both good and bad! 
  It can be used to toast to someone’s good fortune or hope for a better future. It can be used in an expression of undying love or simply to enjoy a relaxing moment at the end of a difficult work week. 
  But alcohol can be an evil thing, also. Alcohol can cause brain damage, heart problems, and strokes. Alcohol can lead to liver damage. Alcohol can lead to drunken driving accidents and even death.Why alcohol is such a problem for some people and not for others still remains a mystery. But the fact is that alcohol is such a problem for some people that it can have life-threatening consequences.These people are called alcoholics, and this book was written for them. The alcoholic has a disease called alcoholism, and like anyone else with a disease, they need help.

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