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  Henrik Ibsen 3 Complete Works -...

  Henrik Ibsen

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  Henrik Ibsen, the renowned Norwegian playwright, is celebrated for his influential contributions to modern theater. Born in 1828, Ibsen's early life was marked by financial struggles and personal hardships. However, his unwavering determination and artistic talent propelled him to become one of the most prominent figures in the world of drama. Ibsen's works, including "A Doll's House," "Hedda Gabler," and "Ghosts," challenged societal conventions, delving into themes of individuality, morality, and the consequences of societal expectations. 
   
  Ibsen's legacy lies in his revolutionary approach to playwriting, which defied the norms of his time. His plays were characterized by complex characters and thought-provoking narratives that explored the human psyche. By confronting controversial subjects such as gender roles, marital relationships, and societal hypocrisy, Ibsen shattered the boundaries of Victorian drama, laying the groundwork for realism and naturalism in theater. His emphasis on psychological realism and his commitment to social critique left an indelible mark on the dramatic arts, influencing generations of playwrights and directors. 
   
  In addition to his profound impact on the theater, Ibsen's artistry extended to his skillful use of symbolism and poetic language. His plays were meticulously crafted, with each word and gesture carrying deep significance. Ibsen's ability to weave intricate layers of meaning into his works elevated them to the level of profound literature. His writings provided a lens through which audiences could examine their own lives and the world around them, encouraging critical reflection and sparking dialogue on societal issues.

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  Heart of Darkness

  Joseph Conrad

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  Heart of Darkness tells of the conflicting drives of two men—Charles Marlow, the captain of a steamboat, and Mr. Kurtz, a mysterious figure who oversees a trading post in Africa. After an arduous journey, Marlow finally encounters Kurtz, and the men come to grips with their differences—and their similarities. Joseph Conrad's most famous work is a searing tale of one of the strangest and most memorable voyages ever taken—a journey to the heart of a geographical and psychological wilderness from which no one returns unscarred. For this isn't simply a journey up an uncharted river into a geographical wilderness; rather, it's a trip deep into our collective subconscious.

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  Mumu - Turgenev brilliantly...

  Ivan Turgenev

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  Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was born on 9th November 1818 in Oryol, Russia to parents from the nobility.  He and his two brothers were raised by their mother on the family estate.  Surrounded by foreign governesses he became fluent in French, German, and English.  Their father spent little time with them and this undoubtedly had an effect on him and his brothers.  When he was nine the family moved to Moscow to give their children a better education. 
   
  Turgenev studied for a year at the University of Moscow and then at the University of St Petersburg to study Classics, Russian literature, and philology.  During that time his father died from kidney stone disease.  In 1838 Turgenev studied philosophy and history at the University of Berlin for 3 years before returning to St Petersburg for his master's. 
   
  He started his career with the Russian Civil Service and it was only in 1852, after several earlier publications, that he made his name with his short story collection, ‘A Sportsman's Sketches’, based on his observations of peasant life and nature. 
    
  That same year he wrote an obituary for Nikolai Gogol: "Gogol is dead!... What Russian heart is not shaken by those three words?... He is gone, that man whom we now have the right (the bitter right, given to us by death) to call great."  The St Petersburg censor banned publication but the Moscow censor allowed it.  He was dismissed but Turgenev was held responsible and imprisoned for a month, and then exiled to his country estate.  
   
  Along with many other intellectuals Turgenev left Russia and settled in Paris in 1854.  During this period he wrote his finest stories and four novels.  
   
  Alexander II ascended the Russian throne in 1855, and the political climate relaxed.  Turgenev returned home.  
   
  ‘Fathers and Sons’, Turgenev's most famous and enduring novel, appeared in 1862. Its leading character is considered the first ‘Bolshevik’ in Russian literature. But the hostile reaction prompted Turgenev's decision to again leave Russia.  
   
  His health declined during his later years.  In January 1883, an aggressive malignant tumor was removed but by then it had metastasized in his upper spinal cord, causing him intense pain in his final few months of life.  
   
  Ivan Turgenev died on 3rd September 1883 of a spinal abscess, a complication of the metastatic liposarcoma, in his house near Paris.  He was buried in St Petersburg.  
   
  In Mumu, Turgenev hauntingly tells the story of a Gerasim, a six foot five deaf mute with the menial job of yard-porter who is ostracized by all those around him.  A dog, Mumu, becomes his only true and faithful friend.  One day he is given a dreadful and agonizing choice.

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  The Lion and the Sun

  Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

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  Short story by Anton Chekhov, about how to receive a desired order.

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  The Daughter of Pontius Pilate -...

  Ivan Vazov

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  Ivan Minchov Vazov was born on the 9th July 1850 (although that date is disputed) in the town of Sopot, in Bulgaria, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire.  
   
  After primary education at the local school he was sent to Kalofer to continue his studies and work as an assistant teacher.  He later spent a short time in Plodiv where he began to write poetry. 
   
  Fascinated by literature he abandoned work as an apprentice to move to Brăila, in Romania, where he lived with exiled revolutionaries and befriended the poet Hristo Botev. 
   
  By 1874, he had joined the struggle for independence from the Ottomans and returned to Sopot. After the failure of the 1876 uprising he had to flee the country, going back to Galaţi, in Romania, where most of the surviving revolutionaries were exiled. There he was appointed a secretary of the committee. 
   
  In 1876 he published his first work, ‘Priaporetz and Gusla’, followed by ‘Bulgaria's Sorrows’ in 1877. 
   
  Bulgaria regained its independence in 1878 as a result of the Russo-Turkish War and Vazov wrote the famous ‘Epic of the Forgotten’.  He now became the editor of the political reviews Science and Dawn.  
   
  Exile was forced upon him once again due to the persecution of the Russophile political faction. Later he returned to Bulgaria with his mother’s help, and started teaching and then became a civil servant. 
   
  He moved to Sofia in 1889 where he started publishing the review Dennitsa. 
   
  His 1888 novel ‘Under the Yoke’, depicting Ottoman oppression, is his most famous work and has been translated into over 30 languages. 
   
  During his life he became a prominent and widely respected figure in the social and cultural life of Bulgaria.  
   
  In 1917, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature. 
   
  Ivan Vazov died on September 22nd, 1921.  He was 71.

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  Small Star in the East A...

  Charles Dickens

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  Charles Dickens was a writer and social critic who created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity.
  A SMALL STAR IN THE EAST: I Had been looking, yesternight, through the famous 'Dance of Death,' and to-day the grim old woodcuts arose in my mind with the new significance of a ghastly monotony not to be found in the original.

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